_o-Pn-Mv-
Hfn-¼n-Iv-kn-se ]p-Xn-b C\§Ä- GsXm-s¡bm-bn-cp-óp.-
Acp¬- hÀ-Ko-kv,- G\m-¯v,- ]¯\w-Xn-«
]p-Xn-b Im-bn-I C\w-
GÀ-s¸Sp-¯n-bn-cp-ón-sñ¦n-epw- \n-ehn-ep-Å C\§fnð- Xsó
]p-Xn-b D] C\§Ä- GÀ-s¸Sp-¯n.- ]p-cp-jòmÀ-¡pw-
kv-{Xo-IÄ-¡pw- ss_kn-¡nÄ- tam-t«mÀ- t{Im-kv,- 10 In.-
am-c¯¬- kzn-½n-Mv,- h\n-XIfp-sS 300 ao-äÀ- kv-äo-]nÄ-
sNbv-kv. km-_À- B³-Uv- t^m-bnð- -h\n-Xm- Sow Fón-hbm-Wh.-
tS_nÄ- sSóo-kv- U_nÄ-kv- FóXv- Sow- C\am¡n.-
_o-Pn-Mv-
Hfn-¼n-Iv-knð- F{X cm-Py-§Ä- ]s¦Sp-¯p.- ]s¦Sp-¡m-¯h GsXm-s¡?-
sI hn- cm-Pp,- Im-¡\m-Sv,- FdWm-Ipfw-
204 cm-Py-§Ä- ]s¦Sp-¯p.- sFIy-cm-jv-{S kw-LS\
Aw-Ko-Icn-¨ 192 cm-Py-§fnð- {_q-sWam-{Xw- ]s¦Sp-¯n-ñ.-
C´y-bp-sS clkym-t\z-jW
GP³-kn-bm-b dn-kÀ-¨v- B³Uv- A\m-en-kn-kv- hn-Mv-
{]hÀ-¯\w- Bcw-`n-¨Xv- Fóm-Wv?-
]n- ]n- jm-Pn,- Xtem-d
1968 sk]v-Xw-_dnð.-
"¹q-t«m'-sb
Ct¸mÄ- GXp- KW¯n-em-Wv- ]cn-KWn-¡p-óXv-
Ko-Xn- `m-kv-IÀ-
Pn-Fð-]n-Fkv,- s]m-ïeSn-
{Kl§fp-sS ]«n-Ibnð-\n-óv- "¹q-t«m'-sb
Hgn-hm-¡n-bn-«v- cïp-hÀ-jam-Ip-Ibm-Wv.- ¹q-t«m-bpw,-- s\]v-Syq-Wn-\¸p-dap-Å
Fdn-kv- t]m-ep-Å Ip-ų- {Kl§fpw- C\n- ¹q-t«m-bv-Uv- Fóv-
Adn-bs¸Sp-saóm-Wv- CâÀ-\m-jWð- Bkv-t{Sm-Wan-¡ð- bq-Wn-b³-
2008 Pq-Wnð- Xo-cp-am-\n-¨Xv.-
F´m-Wv- Nn-e
s]m-Xp-taJem- kvYm-]\§sf "\hcXv-\'- I¼\n-IÄ- Fóp-
hn-fn-¡p-óXv?-
{]Zo-]v-Ip-amÀ- bp- ]n,- hm-fm-Sv,- hb\m-Sv.-
cm-Py-s¯ X{´{][m-\ hy-hkm-b§fpw-
A´m-cm-jv-{SXe¯nð- Xsó an-I¨ \n-ehm-cw- ]p-eÀ-¯p-óXp-am-b
s]m-Xp-taJem- kv-Ym-]\§Ä-¡v- tI{µkÀ-¡mÀ- \ð-Ip-ó ]Zhn-bm-Wv-
"\hcXv-\ I¼\n-IÄ'.- BtKm-f hy-hkm-b cw-K¯v- að-kcn-¡m³-
Cu- I¼\n-IÄ-¡v- Iq-Sp-Xð- kz-bw-`cW AhIm-i§fpw- Cu- ]Zhn-bp-sS
t]cnð- \ð-Ip-óp.- - 1997ð- BZy-am-bn- H¼Xv- I¼\n-IÄ-¡m-Wv-
Cu- ]Zhn- e`n-¨Xv.- AXm-Wv- \hcXv-\ I¼\n-IÄ.- Ct¸mÄ- 16
I¼\n-IÄ-¡v- \hcXv-\ ]Zhn-bp-ïv.- 41 I¼\n-IÄ-¡v- an-\n-cXv-\
]Zhn-bpw.-
bq-tdm- tUm-fÀ- Fóm-se´m-Wv?-
tKm-]p- Pn- Ir-jv-W³,- ]«m-gn- hSt¡¡c
bq-tdm-]y³- bq-Wn-b³- cm-Py-§fp-sS GIo-Ir-X
\m-Wbam-Wv- "bq-tdm'.- 1999 P\p-hcn- Hón-\v- bq-tdm-]y³-
bq-Wn-b\n-se 12 cm-Py-§Ä- Aw-Ko-Icn-s¨¦n-epw- 2002 P\p-hcn-
Hóp-ap-Xem-Wv- bq-tdm- Id³-kn-bpw- \m-Wbhpw- hn-XcWw-
Xp-S§n-bXv.- PÀ-a\n,- {^m³-kv,- Hm-kv-{Sn-b,- s_ð-Pn-bw,-
^n³-em³-Uv,- Cäen,- {Ko-kv,- AbÀ-em³-Uv,- eIv-kw--_À-Kv,-
kv-s]bn³,- t]mÀ-¨p-Kð,- s\XÀ-em³-Uv- Fóo- cm-Py-§Ä- Aw-Ko-Icn-¨t¸mÄ-
bq-tdm-]y³- bq-Wn-b\n-seXsó {_n-«¬,- sU³-amÀ-¡v,- kzo-U³
Fóo- cm-Py-§Ä- CXv- Aw-Ko-Icn-¨n-«n-ñ.- {_n-«Wnð- ]u-ïpw-
aäp- cm-Py-§fnð- t{Im-Wpw- Xp-Scp-óp.- F¦n-epw- Atacn-¡³-
tUm-fdn-s\bpw- shñp-hn-fn-¡p-ó co-Xn-bnð- "bq-tdm'- Aw-Ko-Im-cw-
t\Sn-bXm-Wv- "bq-tdm- tUm-fÀ'- Fó hn-tijWw- e`n-¨Xn-\p-
Im-cWw.- AXp-sIm-ïv- Atacn-¡³- tUm-fÀ- Atacn-¡bv-¡v- ]p-d¯v-
({]tXy-In-¨v- bq-tdm-]y³- cm-Py-§fnð)- _m-¦p-Ifnð-
\n-t£]n-¡p-t¼mÄ- AXv- bq-tdm-tUm-fÀ- Fóv- Adn-bs¸Sp-óp.-
enw-I _p-Iv- Hm-^v- sdt¡m-Uv-kpw-
Kn-ókv- _p-¡pw- X½n-epÅ
hy-Xym-kw- F´m-Wv?-
sI hn- ImÀ-Xym-bn-\n,- Xfn-¸d¼v.-
tem-I sdt¡m-Up-Ifp-sS B[n-Im-cn-I{KÙw- Fó \n-ebn-em-Wv-
Kn-ókv- _p-¡v- Hm-^v- thÄ-Uv- sdt¡m-Un-\p-Å Aw-Ko-Im-cw.-
eï\nð-\n-óm-Wv- CXv- {]kn-²o-Icn-¡p-óXv.-
www.guinessworldrecords.com Fómð,- enw-I _p-¡v- Hm-^v-
sdt¡m-Uv-kv- C´y-bnð-\n-óp- {]kn-²o-Icn-¡p-óXm-Wv.-
Kn-ókv- sdt¡m-Unð- Xm-tgbp-Å hn-hn-[ tZio-b sdt¡m-Up-Ifm-Wv-
CXnð- {]kn-²o-Icn-¡p-óXv.- hn-em-kw-: Limca Book of Records,
C/o Coca-Cola India, Enkay Tower, Udyogavihar V, Gurgoan,
Haryana. www.limcbookofrecords.in
kbss\Uv- Ign-¨mð- DS³- acWsaóp-
]dbp-ósX´m-Wv?-
Fw- AXpð- e£v-a¬,- Iq-thcn,- I®qÀ.-
Fw- Sn- Acp¬- Ir-jv-W³,- tXm-SóqÀ,- tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv.-
ico-c-¯n-se- tIm-i-§Ä-¡-I-¯p- \-S-¡p-ó-
Hm-Iv-ko-I-c-W-hpw- A-Xp-h-gn-bp-Å- DuÀ-Pw- ti-J-cn-¡-epw-
s]m-Sp-ó-s\- X-S-bp-ó-Xp-h-gn-bm-Wv- k-b-ss\-Uv- a-c-W-¯n-\p-
Im-c-W-am-Ip-ó-Xv.- ssk-täm-t{Imw- F-ó- F-³ssk-an-s\- k-b-ss\-Uv-
\-in-¸n-¡p-ó-Xm-Wv- Hm-Iv-ko-I-c-Ww- X-S-bp-ó-Xv.-
C´y- Fó t]cn-sâ Xp-S¡w- Fhn-sS\n-óm-Wv?-
C´y-tbm-sSm-¸w- kzm-X{´y-Zn-\w- BtLm-jn-¡p-ó cm-Pyw- GXm-Wv?-
_n-_n³,-- If¡m-Sv,- Ip-gð-aµw,- ]m-e¡m-Sv-
bp-Fkv-F,- bp-sI Xp-S§n-b Nn-e cm-Py-§fp-tSXp-t]m-se
"C´y'- FóXv- Np-cps¡gp-¯ñ.- kn-Ôp- \Zn-bp-sS t]cnð-\nóm-Wv-
C´y-sbó t]cn-\p- Xp-S¡w.- "k]v-X kn-Ôp'- Fódn-bs¸«
kn-Ôp- \Zn-bp-sS Ggp- ssIhgn-Ifp-sS- Xo-c¯v-
Xm-akn-¨n-cp-óhcm-Wv- \Zn-s-b "kn-Ôp'- Fóp- hn-fn-¨Xv.-
t]À-jy³- kôm-cn-Ifp-sS hcthm-sS kn-Ôp- Fó
kw-kv-Ir-X]Z¯n-se "kn'-¡p- ]Icw- "ln-'-
D]tbm-Kn-s¨ópw- ln-µp- Fó hm-¡v- hsóópw- Ncn-{Xw. {Ko-¡v-/em-än³-
`m-jbnð- "F¨v'- Hgnhm-¡n- C³-tUm-kpw-- C³-Ukpw-
Fóm-bn.- 17mw- \q-äm-ïn-em-Wv- "C³-Uy-'- (India)
Fóv- bq-tdm-]yòmÀ- hn-fn-¨p-Xp-S§n-bsXópw- Ncn-{Xw- ]dbp-óp.-
Z£n-WsIm-dn-bbp-sS kzm-X{´y-Zn-\hpw- BKkv-Xv- 15
\m-Wv.-
tem-I¯n-se Gähpw- Dbcap-Å
sI«nShpw- C´y-bn-se
Gähpw- Dbcap-Å sI«n-Shpw- GXm-Wv?-
hn-imð- hn- Fkv- ]n-Å,- ISbv-¡ð,- sIm-ñw-
Zp-_m-bn-se- _pÀ-Pv-Zp-_m-bn- F-ó- sI-«n-S-¯n-\m-Wv-
C-t¸mÄ- tem-I-¯n-se- G-ä-hpw- D-b-c-ap-Å- sI-«n-Sw- F-ó- _-lp-a-Xn.-
C-t¸mÄ- ]-Wn- \-S-óp-sIm-ïn-cn-¡p-ó- Zp-_m-bn-se- _pÀ-Pv-Zp-_m-bn-
sI-«n-Sw- 2008 sa-bnð-¯-só- 636 ao-äÀ- ]qÀ-¯n-bm-bn-¡-gn-ªp.-
2009ð- ]-Wn- Xo-cp-t¼mÄ- 167 \n-e-I-fp-Å- Cu- a-µn-c-¯n-\v-
818 ao-äÀ- (2313 A-Sn)- D-b-cw- D-ïm-Ipw.-
C-´y-bn-epw- \n-c-h-[n- B-Im-i-Npw-_n-I-fm-b-
a-µn-c-§Ä- \nÀ-am-W-¯n-sâ- hn-hn-[- L-S-§-fn-em-Wv.-
apw-ss_-bn-se- Cw-]o-cn-bð- S-h-dm-Wv- C-t¸mÄ- D-b-c-¯nð- H-ómw-
Øm-\-¯v.- 249 ao-äÀ- (817 A-Sn)-bm-Wv- D-b-cw.- 60 \n-e.-
Iw-]yq-«À- cw-K¯v- "a¡n-tâm-jv-
128 sIbp-sS {]tXy-IX F´m-Wv.-
CXm-cm-Wv- Iïp-]n-Sn-¨Xv?-
X¦½ F hm-em-¨n-d,- tIm-«bw-
{Km-^n-Iv-kn-\v- Iq-Sp-Xð- {]m-[m-\yw- \ð-In-
B-¸nÄ- Iw-]yq-«À- I-¼-\n- 1984 ð- \nÀ-an-¨- hn-e-Ip-d-ª-
Iw-]yq-«-dm-Wn-Xv.- 128 sI-_n- B-bn-cp-óp- sa-½-dn.- 1985 ð-
C-Xn-sâ- ]p-Xn-b- ]-Xn-¸v- C-d-§n-b-tXm-sS- C-Xv- Im-e-l-c-W-s¸-«p.-
]o-¡n-Mv- ]p-\À-\m-aIcWw-
sN¿s¸«v- _o-Pn-Mv- BbtXm-tWm?-
kn- kn- `«Xn-cn,- lcn-¸m-Sv,- Be¸p-g
ssN-\o-kv- X-e-Øm-\-am-b- _o-Pn-Mv- B-Zy-Im--e¯v-
Adn-bs¸«n-cp-óXv- ]o--¡n-Mv- Fóm-Wv.- ssN\o-kv- en-]n- ]cn-jv-IcW¯n-sâ
`m-Kam-bm-Wv- "_o-Pn-Mv'- Fóm-¡n-bXv.-
sk³-skIv-kpw- \n-^v-än-bpw-
X½n-epÅ hy-Xym-kw- F´m-Wv?-
jn-Pn-Xv,- I®qÀ
t_mw-s_ kv-tämIv- FIv-kv-tNônð(BSE)
- en-kv-äv-sNbv-X I¼\n-Ifp-sS Hm-lcn-Ifp-sS kq-Nn-Ibm-Wv- sk³-skIv-kv.-
\m-jWð- kv-täm-Iv- FIv-kv-tNônð-(NSE)
cPn-kv-äÀ-sNbv-X I¼\n-Ifp-sS Hm-lcn-kq-Nn-I \n-^v-än.-
Pp-Un-jyð- At\z-jW¯n-sâ
{]tXy-IX F´m-Wv?-
]n-]n- jm-Pn,- Xtem-d
Hcp- kw-`hs¯¡p-dn-t¨m- AXn-te¡p- \bn-¨ km-lNcy-§sf¡p-dn-t¨m-
kn-än-Mv- PUv-Pn-tbm- dn-«bUv- PUv-Pn-tbm- \S¯p-ó At\z-jWam-Wn-Xv.-
kz-X{´hpw- \o-Xn-bp-Iv-Xhp-am-b At\z-jWw \S¯m-\m-Wv- Pp-Un-jyð-
At\z-jWw- \S¯p-óXv.- C¯cw- At\z-jW dn-t¸mÀ-«p-IÄ-
kÀ-¡m-cn-\v- kzo-Icn-¡p-Itbm- XÅp-Itbm- sN¿mw.- Fóm-epw-
s]m-Xp- kaq-l¯n-\p- ap-¼nð- kXym-hkv-Y ]p-d¯p-sIm-ïp-hcn-bIbm-Wv-
C¯cw- At\z-jW§fp-sS {][m-\ e£yw.-
kzÀ-®¯n-sâ Afhv-
t{Sm-bv- Hu¬-knð- ]dbp-ósX´m-Wv.-
CXp- GXp- cm-Py-s¯ Afhm-Wv-?-
]n- F X¦aWn,- ap-¹n-bw,- Xr-iqÀ-
tem-Ihym-]Iam-bn- \n-ehn-ep-Å kzÀ-W¯n-sâ
Afhm-Wv- t{Sm-bv- Hu¬-kv.- Hcp- t{Sm-bv- Hu¬-kv- 31.-1035 {Kmw.-
BZy- Im-e¯v- {^m³-knð- am-{Xw- \n-ehn-ep-ïm-bn-cp-ó t{Sm-bv-
Fó Afhnð- \n-óm-Wv- CXv- kzÀ-W¯n-sâ Afhm-bsXóv- Icp-Xp-óp.-
Fð-sFkn-
tZikmð-¡cW¯n-te¡p- \bn-¨ km-lNcyw- F´m-Wv?-
C cm-aN{µ³,- I®m-Sn,- ]m-e¡m-Sv--
1818ð- cq-]o-Icn-¨ Hm-dn-bâð- sse^v-
C³-jp-d³-kv- I¼\n-bm-Wv- BZy- C³-jp-d³-kv- I¼\n.- 1870em-Wv-
C´y³- C³-jp-d³-kv- I¼\n-bm-b t_mw-s_ ayq-Nzð- sse^v-
Ajz-d³-kv- skm-sskän- cq-]o-Icn-¨Xv.- 1896ð- `m-cXv-
C³-jp-d³-kv- I¼\n-bpw- cq-]o-Icn-¨p.- 1906ð- bp-ssWäUv- C´y,
\m-jWð- C³-jp-d³-kv- I¼\n-IÄ- Øm-]n-¨p.- ]n-óo-Sv- GXm-\pw-
C³-jp-d³-kv- I¼\n-Ifpw- hóp.- 1912ð- sse^v- C³-jp-d³-kv-
I¼\o-kv- BÎv- ]m-km-btXm-sS C³-jp-d³-kv- \n-b{´Wkw-hn-[m-\am-bn.-
1944ð¯só C³-jp-d³-kv- cw-K¯v- tZikmð-¡cWsaó Bhiyw-
iàam-bn.- 1956ð- ]mÀ-esaâv- sse^v- C³-jp-d³-kv- Hm-^v- C´y-
\n-baw- ]m-km-¡n-btXm-sS 1956 sk]v-Xw-_À- Hón-\v- sse^v-
C³-jp-d³-kv- tImÀ-]tdj³- \n-ehnð- hóp.- Cu- cw-Ks¯ 245 Øm-]\§sf
-tZikmð-¡cn-¨m-Wv- CXv- cq-]o-Icn-¨Xv.-
C´y-bnð- F{X
Pn-ñIfp-ïv?-
cRv-Pn-Xv- BÀ,- ]p-Xp-t¡m-Sv,- ]m-e¡m-Sv-
610 Pn-ñIÄ-
kÀ-¡kn-sâ Xp-S¡w-
Fhn-sSbm-Wv?-
lcn-Ir-jv-W³- Fw-_n,- hm-I,- Xr-iqÀ-
]p-cm-X-\- tdm-anð- Im-bn-Im-`ym-kn-I-fp-sS-bpw-
]-cn-io-e-\w- kn-²n-¨- ar-K-§-fp-sS-bpw- tjm- \-S-¯p-ó-
sI-«n-S-§Ä-¡vv- "-kÀ-¡-k-'v- F-óp- hn-fn-¨n-cp-ó-Xv.-
1768 ð- Cw-¥o-jp-Im-c-³ ^n-en-¸v- A-kv-te-bm-Wv- B-[p-\n-I-
co-Xn-bn-ep-Å- kÀ-¡-kn-\p- Xp-S-¡-an-«-Xv.-
CâÀ-s\änð-
aebm-fw- t»m-Kp-IÄ- hm-bn-¡m-\p-Å bq-Wn-tIm-Uv- t^m-ïv-
Fhn-sS\n-óp- In-«pw-
{]Xo-jv,- I®qÀ-
aebm-fw- bq-Wn-tIm-Uv- t^m-ïv-
Uu¬-tem-Uv-sN¿m-hp-ó \n-ch[n- sh_v-sskäp-IÄ- CâÀ-s\änð-
Dïv.-
www.malayalam.kerala.gov.in
sh_v-sskänð-\n-óp- aebm-fw- Uu¬-tem-Uv- sN¿m-\p-Å kw-hn[m-\ap-ïv.- Cw-¥o-jn-em-Wv-
BZy-hn-hcWw.- aebm-f¯nð- \nÀ-tZi§Ä- Im-Wm³-
EnablingMalayalam
- Fó ssl¸À- en-¦nð- ¢n-¡v-sNbv-Xmð- aXn.-
www.unicode.org.
Fó bq-Wn-tIm-Uv- sh_v-sskänð-\n-óp- t\cn-«pw- aebm-fw- t^m-ïpIÄ-
Uu¬-tem-Uv-sN¿mw.- Iq-Sp-Xð- hn-hcw-
www.ml.wikipedia.org
sh_v-sskän-epap-ïv.-
Id³-kn- t\m-«p-Ifnð-
^n-t\mÄ--^v-Xen³- ]p-c«n- ssI¡q-en- hm-§p-óhsc
]n-Sn-¡p-ósX§s\bm-Wv.- CXv- BZy-am-bn- Fhn-sS Iïp-]n-Sn-¨p?-
do-\ hn-Pb³,- aq-cn-bm-Sv,- I®qÀ.-
1871ð- PÀ-a³- im-kv-{XÚ³- tam¬-t_bÀ-
Iïp-]n-Sn-¨ cm-khkv-Xp-hm-Wn-Xv.- ^n-t\mÄ-^v-Xen³- ]p-c«n-b
t\m-«v- hm-§p-ó Bfp-sS ssIItfm- hkv-{X§tfm--
s]m-Sn-]Scp-ón-Stam- Hs¡ \n-dan-ñm-¯ tkm-Un-bw- em-b\n-bnð-
ap¡n-bmð- em-b\n-¡v- \n-dhy-Xym-kw- Dïm-Ipw.- Cfw-]n-¦v-
\n-dam-bn- CXp- am-dpw.- CXv- sXfn-hm-bn- kzo-Icn-¡pw.-
F{X cm-Py-§Ä-¡v-
Ir-{Xn-a D]{Kl§Ä- Dïv?- kz-´am-bn- Ir-{Xn-a D]{Kl§Ä-
hn-t£]n-¨ cm-Py-§Ä- GsXm-s¡?-
Fw- BÀ- Zo-]Iv-cm-Pv,- Fen-¡p-fw,- tIm-«bw-
Ir-{Xn-aD]{Kl§Ä- kz-´am-bn- hn-t£]n-¡m-\p-Å
km-t¦Xn-Ihn-Zy-bp-Å cm-Py-§Ä- tkm-hn-bäv- bq-Wn-b³-,- Atacn-¡,-
{^m³-kv,- P¸m³,- ssN\,- {_n-«¬,- C´y,- C{ktbð- Fón-hbm-Wv.-
aäv- cm-Py-§fp-sS klm-bt¯m-sS hn-t£]n-¨XpÄ-¸sS BsI 44 cm-Py-§Ä-¡v
Ir-{Xn-a D]{Kl§fp-ïv.-
1957 HIv-tSm-_À- \m-en-\v- tkm-hn-bäv- bq-Wnb³-
BZy- Ir-{Xna D]{Klw- kv-]p-Sv-\n-Iv- 1 hn-PbIcam-bn- hn-t£]n-¨Xnð-
Xp-S§p-óp- D]{Kl§fp-sS Ncn-{Xw.- 1958 ð- Atacn-¡,- 1965ð-
{^m³-kv,- 70 ð- P¸m-\pw- ssN\bpw- 71 ð- {_n-«¬,- 80 ð- C´y-
89 ð- C{km-tbð- Fóo- cm-Py-§Ä- kz-´am-bn- D]{Kl hn-t£]Ww- \S¯n.-
Pn- sabnð- Fó C
sabnð- Bcm-Wv- Iïp-]n-Sn-¨Xv
sI sI _o-\,- ap-g¸m-e,- I®qÀ-
Kq-KnÄ- Xp-S§n-b Cþsabnð- 2004 G{]nð- 1\v-
Kq-Kn-fn-sâ tkm-^v-äv-shbÀ- F³-Pn-\n-bdm-b t]mÄ- _t¡äm-Wv-
\nÀ-an-¨Xv.- dn-Un-^v- sabnð,-- bm-lp- sabnð,-- tlm-«v-
sabnð- Xp-S§n-b aäv- C sabn-ep-Itf¡mÄ- thK¯n-em-Wv- Pn- sabn-en-\v-
D]tbm-àm-¡Ä- Iq-Sp-óXv.-
kzn-kv- _m-¦v-
A¡u-ïp-Ifp-sS {]tXy-IX F´m-Wv?-
sjcn-^v- Fw- Sn- ]n,- Icn-´fw,- Im-kÀ-tIm-Sv-
aäp- cm-Py-§fn-se _m-¦p-Itf¡mÄ-
A¡u-ïp-Ifp-sS clky-kz-`m-hw- IÀ-i\am-bn- kq-£n-¡p-óXn-\p-Å
\n-baam-Wv- kz-näv-kÀ-e³-Unð.- 1934hsc kn-hnð-tImUpw-
te_À-tIm-Upw-hgn-bm-Wv- CXv- \n-e\nÀ-¯n-bn-cpóXv.- Fómð,-
1934ð- ]m-km-¡n-b "Zn- s^-Udð- tem- Hm¬- _m-¦n-Mv'-
_m-¦v- A¡u-ïp-Ifp-sS clky-kz-`m-hw- tNm-À-¯p-óXv- {In-an-\ð¡p-äam-bn-
IW¡m-¡p-óp.- ln-äv-edp-sSIm-e¯v- PÀ-a³-Im-cp-sS
kz-n-kv-_m-¦v- A¡u-ïp-IÄ- Iïp-]n-Sn-¡m³- clky-s]m-eo-km-b
sKkv-ät¸m- {ian-¨Xn-s\¯p-SÀ-óm-Wv- 1934se IÀ-i\am-b ]p-Xn-b\n-baw-
sIm-ïp-hósXóv-- Icp-Xp-óp.-
A´m-cm-jv-{S \o-Xn-\ym-btIm-SXn-
\n-ehn-ep-tïm?- BØm-\w- Fhn-sSbm-Wv
tkm-W ]À-ho¬,- s\ñm-bn,- Xr-iqÀ
A´m-cm-jv-{S \o-Xn-\ym-btIm-SXn- (CâÀ-\m-jWð-
tImÀ-«v- Hm-^v- Pkv-än-kv-)- 1945 HIv-tSm-_À- 24\v \n-ehnð-hóp.-
1946 ð- {]hÀ-¯\w- Xp-S§n.- s\XÀ-em³Uv-knð- tlKn-se ]o-kv-
]m-ekm-Wv- BØm-\w.-
"Hfn-¼n-Iv-kv'- Fó
hm-¡n-sâ Xp-S¡w- Fhn-sS\n-óm-Wv-?-
sI en-Pn³,- shïp-«m-bn,- I®qÀ-
Hfn-¼n-Iv-kn-sâ- Xp-S-¡w- ]p-cm-X-\- {Ko-kn-em-W-tñm.-
ap-´n-cn-t¯m-¸p-I-fpw- H-eo-hp-a-c-§-fpw- \n-d-ª-
H-fn-¼n-b- Xm-gv-h-c-bnð- \m-ep-hÀ-j-¯n-sem-cn-¡ð- b-h-\À-
H-¯p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-óp.- kyq-kv,- sl-cm-bp- tZ-h-³am-cp-sS-
B-cm-[-\m-e-b-§-fnð- {]mÀ-Y-\- \-S-¯p-I-bpw-
Im-bn-I-a-Õ-c-§-fnð- ]-s¦-Sp-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-am-bn-cp-óp.-
Cu- a-Õ-c-§Ä- H-fn-¼n-Iv- a-Õ-c-§Ä- F-óm-Wv- A-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp-ó-Xv..-
]n-óo-Sv- C-Xv- "-H-fn-¼n-Iv-kv-'- F-ó-
Np-cp-¡-t¸cm-bn.-
"Ip-Xn-c¡¨hSw'- Fó hm-¡v-
F§s\ hóp?-
B\n- Fsseäv,- Iq-¯m-«p-Ip-fw,- þ Bcy- skdn³-
cm-Pp,- ]m-em,-
{io-\m-Yv- {]Im-iv,- ]p-d¡p-óv,- þPo-kv- cm-Pp,- Ccp-¼\w,-
FdWm-Ip-fw-
im-´³- sN«n-¡m-Sv,- ]m-Xn-c¸Ån,- þ aq--À-t¡m-¯v-
_m-eN{µ³,- Ip-am-c\ñqÀ,-
kp-[o-c³,- I®qÀ,- F hn- hn-iz-\m-Y³,- tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv,-
hn- sI \m-cm-bW³,- ta¸bqÀ,- ctai³- bp- Fw,- I®qÀ-
Ip-Xn-cIfp-sS I¨hS¯nð- Hcp-]m-Sp- Iůc§Ä-
\S¡m-dp-sïó hn-izm-k¯nð- hym-]m-ccw-Ks¯ tam-iam-b {]hWXIsf
"Ip-Xn-c¡¨hSw-'- (horse trading) Fóv- Cw-¥o-jv-`m-j {]tbm-K¯n-ep-Å
cm-Py-§fnð- hn-tijn-¸n-¡p-am-bn-cp-óp.- hnð-¸\bv-¡p-
sIm-ïp-hcp-ó Ip-Xn-cIfp-sS Kp-Whpw- tZm-jhpw- a\Ên-em-¡p-I
Ffp-¸añm-¯Xn-\mð- hnð-]\bnð- ]e NXn-Ifpw- \S¡póXm-bn-
A¡m-e¯v-- hym-]Iam-bp-ïm-bn-cp-ó hn-izm-kam-Wv- Cu-
hn-tijW¯n-\p- ]n-ón-seóv- Icp-Xp-óp.- ISp-¯ hn-et]iepw-
NXn-Ifp-ap-Å hym-]m-c CS]m-Sp-IÄ¡m-Wv- Ip-Xn-c¡¨hSw- Fóp-
hn-tijn-¸n-¡m-dv.-- ]n-óo-Sv- t\cm-b amÀ-K¯n-eñm-¯
hym-]m-cCS]m-Sp-IÄ-s¡ñmw- CXv- s]m-Xp- hn-tijWam-bn.- 1893ð-
\yq-tbmÀ-¡v- ssSw-kv- FUn-täm-dn-benð- Cu- hm-¡v- {]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ïv.-
]n-óo-Sv- ]{X§fn-epw- ]p-kv-XI§fn-epw- Cu- hm-¡v-
D]tbm-Kn-¨p- Xp-S§n.- Xp-SÀ-óv- tem-I hym-]Iam-bn- Xsó thm-«v-
I¨hS¯n-\pw- Cu- t]cp-hóp.-
]m-bv-¡äp-Ifnð- e`n-¡p-ó `£y-hkv-Xp¡fp-sS
Ihdnð- Fó Nn-lv-\w-
]¨\n-d¯nð- Im-Wp-óp.- F´m-WXv?-
Sn- ]n- kt\m-Pv,- au-Ætôcn,- I®qÀ.-
`£y-hkv-Xp-¡fnð- am-bw-tNÀ-¡p-óXp- XSbp-ó
\n-ba{]Im-cw- `£W]m-bv-¡äp-Ifn-epw- ]m-NIw-sNbv-X `£W¯n-sâ
Ihdn-epw- \n-jv-IÀ-jn-¨n-«p-Å Hcp- Nn-lv-\am-Wn-Xv.- ]¨
Nn-lv-\w- shPn-tädn-b³- `£Ws¯bpw- Np-hó Nn-lv-\w-
t\m¬-shPn-tädn-b³- `£Ws¯bpw- kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-óp.-
Kq-Kn-fpw- Kq-sKm-fpw- X½n-ep-Å
hy-Xym-ksa´m-Wv?-
Sn- F^v- s^_n,- Rm-dbv-¡ð- þ 682505
CâÀ-s\äv- skÀ-¨v- F³-Pn-\p-Ifnð- tem-I¯p-Xsó
ap³-\n-cbnð- \nð-¡p-ó Kq-Knfn- sâ t]cn-sâ Xp-S¡w-
Kq-sKmÄ- Fó hm-¡nð-\n-óm-Wv.- Hón-\p-tijw- \q-dp- -]q-Py-§Ä-
C«mð- In-«p-ó kw-Jysbbm-Wv- "Kq-sKmÄ'- Fóp-
hn-fn-¡p-óXv.- Cu- AÀ-Y¯nð- A£c¯nð- sNdn-b am-äw-hcp-¯n-
Googleplex
Fóv- Fgp-Xp-Ibpw- Np-cp-¡am-bn-
Google
Fóv- t]cv- \n-iv-Nbn-¡p-Ibp-am-bn-cp-óp.-
Fhdkv-äv- Io-gS¡n-b BZy-h\n-X
Bcm-Wv?-
]n- BÀ- Aiz-Xn,- DZbw-t]cqÀ,- FdWm-Ip-fw-
1975 sabv- 16\v- P¸m-\nð-\n-óp-Å Pt¦m- Xm-s_bm-Wv- Cu-
sdt¡m-Un-\p-Sa.-
sshäv- tKmÄ-Uv-
Fóm-se´m-Wv-?-
Acp¬- kn- Fw,- sN½m-b¯v,- FcqÀ,- Xr-¸q-Wn-¯p-d
kzÀ-Whpw- sshäv- saäep-IÄ- Fódn-bs¸Sp-ó
\n-¡ð,- - ]tñUn-bw- Fón-hbn-tesX¦n-ep-sam-ópw- tNÀ-ó
tem-lkw-bp-Iv-Xam-Wv- sshäv- tKmÄ-Uv- Fódn-bs¸Sp-óXv.-
aªtem-lam-b km-[m-cW kz-À-Ws¯t¸m-se Im-cänð- Xsóbm-Wv-
sshäv- tKmÄ-Un-sâ Kp-W\n-ehm-chpw- IW¡m-¡p-óXv.-
s]bv-X agbp-sS Afhv-
IW¡m-¡p-ósX§s\?-
sI iin-[c³,- hÀ-¡e,- Xn-cp-h\´]p-cw-
s]-¿p-ó a-g- ap-gp-h-³ `q-an-bnð- e-`n-¡p-ón-ñ-tñm.-
a-g-sh-Åw- Ip-d-¨v- H-gp-In-t¸m-Ip-óp.- Ip-d-¨v- a-®nð-
Xm-gv-ón-d-§p-óp.- Ip-d-¨p-`m-Kw- C-e-I-fnð- X-§p-óp.-
_m-¡n- Im-änð- \o-cm-hn-bm-bn-t¸m-Ip-óp.- C-sX-ñmw-
tNÀ-óm-te- s]-bv-X- a-g-bp-sS- A-f-hm-Iq.- a-g-bp-sS- Cu-
hn-[-¯n-ep-Å- \-jv-S-§-sfm-óp-an-sñ-¦nð- H-cp- {]-tXy-I-
kv-Y-e-¯v- H-cp-Zn-h-kw- a-g- s]-bv-Xmð- sh-Åw- D-b-cp-sa-ó-
X-Xz-¯n-s³d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-¯n-em-Wv- a-g-bp-sS- A-f-hv- C-{X-
sk.-ao.- /-an.-ao.- F-óv- I-W-¡m-¡p-ó-Xv.-
Im-em-h-kv-Ym- ]-T-\-hn-`m-K-¯n-s³d- am-\-Z-Wv-U-§Ä
]m-en-¡p-ó- sd-bn³tK-Pv-
(Rainguage)
F-ó- D-]-I-c-Ww- X-S-Ê-§-sfm-óp-an-ñm-sX- a-g- In-«p-ó- kv-Y-e-¯v-
kv-Ym-]n-¨v- a-g- kw-`-cn-¨v- F-{X- sk-³dn-ao-äÀ-/- an-ñn-ao-äÀ- D-sï-óv-
A-f-¡p-óp.- B- A-f-hm-Wv- F-{X- sk-³dn-ao-äÀ- a-g- s]-bv-Xp-sh-óp-
]-d-bp-ó-Xv.- B-Zy-Im-e-§-fnð- ]-g-b- am-Xr-I-bn-ep-Å- sd-bn-³tK-Pm-Wv-
D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-ó-Xv.- sIm-dn-b-bnð- 1441 ð- sk-tPm-Mv- cm-Pm-hn-sâ-
a-I-³ a-Mv-tPm-Mv- C-¯-cw- H-cp- sd-bn-³tK-Pv- \nÀ-an-¡p-ó-
k-{¼-Zm-bw- I-sï-¯n-bn-cp-óp.- 1662 ð- {_n-«-Wnð- {In-kv-ä-^À-
sd-³ I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨- sd-bn-³tK-Pn-sâ- am-Xr-I- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv-
A-[p-\n-I- sd-bn-³tK-Pp-IÄ.-
BÀ-Un-FIv-kn-sâ
ap-gp-h³- t]sc´m-Wv?-
jm-lpð- lao-Zv,- CS¯dþIeªqÀ-,- sIm-ñw-
ssk-t¢m-ss{S-ao-ssX-en-\n-ss{S-ss\-{Sm-ssa³-
(Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine)
- F-ó- Cu- kv-t^m-S-I- h-kv-Xp,- dn-kÀ-¨v- Un-¸mÀ-Sv-sa-âv-
tImw-t]m-kn-j-³ F-Iv-kv- F-ó- hm-¡p-I-fp-sS- Np-cp-¡-t¸-cm-bm-Wv-
BÀ-Un-F-Iv-kv- F-ó-dn-b-s¸-Sp-ó-Xv.-
tem-I¯n-se Hgp-In- \S¡p-ó
GI \m-jWð- ]mÀ-¡v- GXm-Wv?-
at\m-Pv- sUón-kv,- a§m-Sv,- sIm-ñw-
aWn-¸p-cn-se- ssI-_pÄ- emw-Pm-Hm- \m-j-Wð- ]mÀ-¡v-
B-Wv- tem-I-¯n-se- H-gp-In- \-S-¡p-ó- G-I- \m-j-Wð- ]mÀ-¡v.-
hw-i-\m-iw- t\-cn-Sp-ó- km-¦m-bn- F-ó- t]-cp-f-f- \r-¯w- sN-¿p-ó-
am-³ Cu- ]mÀ-¡n-sâ- {]-[m-\- B-IÀ-j-W-am-Wv.- tem-Iv-X-Iv- X-Sm-I-¯n-em-Wv-
Cu- sN-dn-b- Im-Sv.- B-sI- 40 In-tem-ao-äÀ- hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bm-Wn-Xn-\v.-
AP³-U Fó hm-¡v-
GXp- `m-jbnð- \n-óp- hóXm-Wv?-
]n- ]n- tKm-hn-µ³,- I®qÀ-
aäp- ]e Cw-¥o-jv- hm-¡p-Ifp-sSbpw-
Xp-S¡w-t]m-se AP³-U Fó hm-¡n-sâbpw- Xp-S¡w- em-än-³- `m-jbnð-\n-óm-Wv.-
sN¿m-\p-Å Im-cy-§Ä- FóÀ-Y¯n-ep-Å _lp-hN\am-Wv- em-än-\nð-
AP³-U.-
F´m-Wv-
{Smw KXm-KXw?- CXv- Bcw-`n-¨Xv- Fhn-sSbm-Wv?-
eXn-I jm-Pn,- \q-d\m-Sv,- Be¸pg
{Sm-an-s\- C-ó-s¯- s{S-bn-\p-I-fp-sS- sN-dp- cq-]w-
F-óp- ]-d-bmw.- sd-bnð-¸m-fw-t]m-ep-Å- Nm-\-en-eq-sS-
Ip-Xn-c-IÄ- h-en-¡p-ó- hm-l-\-am-bm-Wv- C-h- Xp-S-§n-b-Xv.-
]n-óo-Sv- C-Xv- F-³Pn-\p-I-fnð- {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-ó-Xm-bn.-
\-K-c-§-fn-ep-Å- bm-{X-bv-¡m-Wv- C-Xv- B-cw-`n-¨-Xv.- 1807 ð-
{_n-«-Wn-em-Wv- Xp-S-¡w.- A-[n-Iw- Xm-a-kn-bm-sX- A-ta-cn-¡-³
\-K-c-§-fn-epw- C-Xv- B-cw-`n-¨p.- 1873 s^-{_p-h-cn- 24 \v-
sImð-¡-¯-bn-epw- Ip-Xn-c- h-en-¡p-ó- {Smw- kÀ-ho-kv- B-cw-`n-¨p.-
tem-I¯n-se
Gähpw- Dbcap-Å sI«n-Sw- GXm-Wv?
F an-Yp³,- hSIc,- tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv-
Zp-_m-bn-se _pÀ-Pv-Zp-_m-bn- Fó sI«n-S¯n-\m-Wv-
Ct¸mÄ- tem-I¯n-se Gähpw- Dbcap-Å sI«n-Sw- Fó _lp--aXn.-
2004ð- ]Wn- ]qÀ-¯n-bm-b Xm-bv-hm-\n-se Xm-bv-s]bv- 101
Shdm-bn--cp-óp- CXp-hsc Gähpw- Dbcap-Å sI«n-Sw.- Fómð,-
Ct¸mÄ- ]Wn- \Sóp-sIm-ïn-cn-¡p-ó Zp-_m-bn-se _pÀ-Pv-Zp-_m-bn-
sI«n-Sw- 2008 sabnð¯só 636 ao-äÀ- ]qÀ-¯nbm-bn-¡gn-ªp.-
2009ð- ]Wn- Xo-cp-t¼mÄ- 167 \n-eIfp-Å Cu- aµn-c¯n-\v- 818
ao-äÀ- (2313 ASn-)- Dbcw- Dïm-Ipw.- 101 \n-eIfp-Å
Xm-bv-s]bv-¡v- 508 ao-äÀ- Dbc(1067 ASn)-am-Wp-ÅXv.-
7/7,-
11/7 kvt^m-S\§Ä- GsXm-s¡bm-Wv?-
en-Pn sI s]cp-sh¼,- ]m-e¡m-Sv-
2005 Pq-sse Ggn-\v- eï³- \Kc¯n-ep-ïm-b kv-t^m-S\s¯
7/7 kv-t^mS\saópw- 2006 Pq-sse 11\v- apw-ss_ \Kc¯n-ep-ïm-b kv-t^m-S\s¯
11/7 kv-t^m-S\saópw- hn-tijn-¸n-¡m-dp-ïv.-
BZy-s¯ skÀ-¨v- F³-Pn³- GXm-Wv-?-
Kq-KnÄ- hn-Ikn-¸n-s¨Sp-¯Xv- Bcm-Wv?-
icXv- Fkv- Ip-dp-¸v,- am-\´hm-Sn,- hb\m-Sv.-
1993ð- Bcw-`n-¨ Aen-sh_v,- hmâIv-kv- Fón-hbm-Wv- BZy- Im-e
skÀ-¨v- F³-Pn-\p-IÄ-.- Fómð- 1996ð- cq-]Ið-]\ sNbv-Xv- 1998
Hm-sS tem-Ihym-]Iam-b Kq-Kn-fm-Wv- ap³- \n-c skÀ-¨v- F³-Pn³.-
Atacn-¡bn-se kv-äm³-t^mÀ-Uv- kÀ-hIem-im-ebn-se KthjI
hn-ZymÀ-Yn-Ifm-b em-dn-t]Ppw- skÀ-Pn-{_n-\pw- tNÀ-óv-
hn-Ikn-¸n-s¨Sp-¯Xm-Wv- Kq-KnÄ- Fó skÀ-¨v- F³-Pn³.
Pn-F«v- cm-Py-§Ä-
Fódn-bs¸Sp-ó cm-Py-§Ä- GsXm-s¡bm-Wv?- Fóp- ap-Xem-Wv-
Cu- D¨tIm-Sn- Xp-S§n-bXv?-
\µ\³- Im-«m-¼Ån,- I®qÀ,- In-c¬-dmw,- \Sp-hnð-
F¨v-Fkv,- I®qÀ,- sI ]n- ssk\p-Zo³,- sImñw,- \n-[o-jv,-
a®mÀ-¡m-Sv-,- ]m-e¡m-Sv.-
Atacn-¡,- {_n-«¬,- Im-\U,- {^m³-kv,- PÀ-a\n,- Cäen,-
P¸m³,- djy- Fóo- Pn- F«v- cm-Py-§fpw- bq-tdm-]y³- bq-Wnb\pw-
DÄ-s¸«Xm-Wv- Pn-F«v- cm-Py-§fp-sS D¨tIm-Sn.- 1975 ð- Pn-6 (Atacn-¡,-
{_n-«¬,- ]iv-Nn-a PÀ-a\n,- P¸m³,- {^m³-kv,- Cäen- Fóo- cm-Py-§Ä-
tNÀ-óXm-Wv- BZy- Pn- 6 D¨tIm-Sn.- 1974 ð- Cäen- Hgn-sIbp-Å
cm-Py-§Ä- A\u-tZym-Kn-I tbm-Kw- tNÀ-óm-Wv- Cu- Iq-«m-bv-a¡p-
cq-]w- \ð-In-bXv.-
Hm-¸tdj³- Xn-bädnð-
F´p-sIm-ïm-Wv- ]¨\n-d¯n-ep-Å hkv-{X§Ä- D]tbm-Kn-¡p-óXv?-
kp-\oÀ- sI,- ]p-fn-¡ð,- ae¸p-dw-
Hm-tcm- \n-dhpw- a\p-jy-a\Êp-Ifnð- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-ó {]Xn-^e\w-
hy-Xy-kv-Xam-sWó ]T\§fp-sSbpw- A\p-`h§fp-sSbpw- shfn-¨¯nð-
Hm-tcm- km-lNcy-¯n-\pw- A´co-£¯n-\pw- A\p-tbm-Py-am-b \n-d§Ä-
sXcsªSp-¡p-ó ]Xn-hn-\v- Gsd ]g¡ap-ïv.-
]¨ {]Ir-Xn-sb kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-ó \n-dam-Wv.- AXv- im-´Xbpw-
Dtòjhpw- \ð-Ip-óp.- sSen-hn-j³- ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifnð-
Iym-adbv-¡p-ap-ónð- F¯p-óXn-\p-ap-¼v- hn-{ian-¡p-ó
ap-dobnð- ({Ko³-dqw)- ]¨\n-d-am-Wv- Iq--Sp-Xð.-- I®n-\pw- a\Ên-\pw-
CXv- Gsd- hn-{iaw- \ð-Ipw.- thZ\n-¡p-ó/hn-jan-¡p-ó
tcm-Kn-IÄ-¡v- Bizm-kw -\ð-Ip-ó \n-dam-Wv- Bhiyw.- AXm-Wv-
]¨\n-d¯n-ep-Å hkv-{X§Ä- D]tbm-Kn-¡p-óXv.-
HFð-]n-kn- Fóm-se´m-Wv?-
C \n-[n³,- Icn-´fw,- Im-kÀ-tIm-Sv-
hn-Ikn-X cm-Py-§fn-se Ip-«n-Ifp-sS hn-Zym-`ym-k ap-tóä¯n-\v-
klm-bn-¡p-I Fó e£y-t¯m-sS "Hm-tcm- Ip-«n-¡pw- Hcp-
em-]v-tSm-]v-'- e`y-am-¡p-I Fó ]²Xn-bm-Wv- h¬- em-]v-tSm-]v-
s]À- ssNð-Uv- (HFð-]n-kn)-.- Cu- e£y-t¯m-sS tIw-{_n-Uv-Pv-
Bkv-Ym-\am-bn- {]hÀ-¯n-¡p-ó kw-LS\bp-sS t]cpw- CXp-Xsó.-
hn-hn-[ cm-Py-§fnð- AXXv- cm-Py-§fn-se kó² tkhIcm-b sFSn-
hn-ZKv-[cp-sS klm-bt¯m-sS \S¸m-¡p-ó ]²Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.- Iq-Sp-Xð-
hn-hcw- www.laptop.org -sh_v-sskänð- \n-ódn-bmw.-
1,- 2,- 3
IcmÀ- Fóp- hn-tijn-¸n-¡p-óXv- F´m-Wv?-
]n- \m-cm-bW³,- sNdp-]p-g,- I®qÀ-
sI ]n- ssk\p-±o-³,- Np-ï,-
BWh\nÀ-hym-]\Icm-dnð- (F³-]n-Sn)- H¸n-Sm-¯Xpw- BWh
tijn-bp-ÅXp-am-b C´y,- ]m-In-kv-Ym³,- C{ktbð- Xp-S§n-b cm-Py-§fp-am-bn-
BWhIcm-dp-Ifnð- Atacn-¡bv-¡v- GÀ-s¸SWsa¦nð- 1954se bp-Fkv-
Bäan-Iv- F\À-Pn- \n-ba¯nð- t`ZKXn- hcp-¯Ww.- t`ZKXn-IÄ-
1954se \n-ba¯n-s³-d 1,- 2, -3 A\p-tÑZ§fn-em-Wp-ÅXv.- AXm-Wv-
C´y-bp-am-bp-Å Icm-dn-s\ 1,- 2,- 3 IcmÀ- Fóp-
hn-tijn-¸n-¡p-óXv.-
C´y¡v- BWh D]IcW§fpw- km-t¦Xn-Ihn-Zybpw- ssIam-dp-óXn-\v-
1954se \n-ba¯nð- Dïm-¡n-b Hcp- t`Z-KXn-bm-Wv- sslUv- BIv-Sv.-
Atacn-¡³- P\{]Xn-\n-[n- k`bn-se dn-¸»n-¡³- Aw-Kw- sl³dn-
tPm-k^v- sslUv- sIm-ïp-hó t`ZKXn-bm-Wv- CXv.- AXm-Wv- sslUv-
BIv-Sv- Fóp- t]cp-hóXv.- (A´m-cm-jv-{S BWthmÀ-P
GP³-kn-sb¡p-dn-¨v- Cu- Bgv-N hó \n-ch[n- tNm-Zy-§Ä-¡p-Å
Ip-dn-¸pw- CtXm-sSm-¸w).-
BWthmÀ-Pw- kam-[m-\]cam-b Bhiy-§Ä-¡v- D]tbm-Kn-¡p-óXp-
t{]mð-km-ln-¸n-¡m-\pw- ssk\n-Im-hiy-§Ä-¡p-]tbm-Kn-¡p-óXnð-
\n-b{´Ww- GÀ-s¸Sp-¯m-\pw- Dt±in-¨v- sFIy-cm-jv-{Skw-LS\bv-¡p-
Io-gnð-- 1957 Pq-sse 29\v- Bcw-`n-¨Xm-Wv- A´m-cm-jv-{S BWthmÀ-P
GP³-kn- (International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA).
hn-bóbn-em-Wv- Bkv-Ym-\w.- UbdIv-SÀ- P\depw- t_mÀ-Uv- Hm-^v-
KhÀ-tWgv-kpw- DÄ-s¸«Xm-Wv- `cWkan-Xn.- aäv- A´m-cm-jv-{S
GP³-kn-Isft¸m-seXsó Atacn-¡bp-sS Xmð-¸cy-§Ä- kw-c£n-¡p-óXpw-
aäv- cm-Py-§sf `o-jWn-s¸Sp-¯n- hcp-Xn-bn-em-¡p-ó Atacn-¡³-
X{´§Ä-¡v- Io-gv-s]Sp-óXp-am-Wv- Cu- GP³-kn-bpw- Fó Btcm-]Ww-
tem-Ihym-]Iam-bn- iIv-Xam-Wv.-
`q-an-Ip-ep-¡w-
Af¡p-ó dn-ÎÀ- kv-sIbnð- Iïp-]n-Sn-¨Xm-cm-Wv?-
F APn-Xv-Ip-amÀ,- - ]p-cp-¡m-Sv,- sIm-ñw-
1935ð- Im-en-t^mÀ-Wn-b C³-kv-än-äyq-«v- Hm-^v-
sSIv-t\m-fPn-bn-se im-kv-{XPv-R³- NmÄ-kv- dn-ÎÀ-,- s_t\m- Kp-«³-_À-Kp-am-bn-
tNÀ-óm-Wv- Cu- Afhv- Iïp-]n-Sn-¨Xv.- BZy-Im-e¯v-
dn-ÎÀþKp-«³-_À-Kv- kv-sIbnð- Fópw- CXn-s\
hn-fn-¨n-cp-óp.-
t]m-kv-äv-tamÀ-«w-
GXp-hÀ-jam-Wv- Bcw-`n-¨Xv.- F´n-\m-Wv- CXv- sN¿p-óXv?-
kp-_nÀ,- tNm-bn-¸Sn,- ae¸p-dw-
acWtijw- Hcm-fp-sS ico-cm-hbh§fn-se im-kv-{Xo-b
]cn-tim-[\bn-eq-sS acWIm-cWw- Xn-cn-¨dn-bp-ó {]{In-bbm-Wv-
t]m-kv-äv-tamÀ-«w.- 2500 hÀ-jw--ap-¼v- {Ko-¡v- `n-jKz-còmÀ-
CXp- sNbv-Xp-Xp-S§n-sbóv- 1769ð- ]p-d¯p-hó Cäm-en-b³-
^n-kn-jy³- {Kn-tbm-hón- _m-än-kv-ä tamÀ-Km-Kv-\n-bp-sS
"Zn- ko-äv-kv- B³-Uv- tIm-kkv- Hm-^v- Un-ko-kkv-
C³-shkv-än-tKäUv- ss_ A\m-«an'- Fó ]p-kv-XIw- ]dbp-óp.- {Ko-¡v-
]Zam-b "Ht«m-]v-kn-b'-bnð-\n-óm-Wv-
t]m-kv-äv-tamÀ-«¯n-sâ bYmÀ-Y t]cm-b "Hm-t«m-]v-kn'-
Fó hm-¡p-ïm-bXv.-
aKv-km-sk AhmÀ-Uv-
Fóv-- Xp-S§n.- C´y-bnð- BÀ-s¡m-s¡ e`n-¨p?-
Pem-ep-±o³- dm-hp-¯À,- ]«m-gn,- sIm-ñw-
kÀ-¡mÀ- kÀ-ho-kv,- km-aq-ly-tkh\w,- km-aq-ly-t\Xr-Xzw,-
]{X{]hÀ-¯\w- þ km-ln-Xyw- þ Bibhn-\n-ab Ie,- kam-[m-\hpw-,-
A´m-cm-jv-{S[m-cWbpw,- hfÀ-óp-hcp-ó t\Xr-Xzw- Fóo- taJebnð-
an-Ihp- sXfn-bn-¡p-ó Gjy-¡mÀ-¡p-thïn-bp-Å AhmÀ-Um-Wv-
aKv-km-sk AhmÀ-Uv.- \yq-tbmÀ-¡v- \Kc¯nð- tdm-¡v-s^ñÀ- {_tZgv-kv-
^ïv- Fó kw-LS\m-Wv- AhmÀ-Uv- GÀ-s¸Sp-¯n-bXv.-
^n-en-¸o³-kv- {]kn-Uâm-bncp-ó ca¬- aKv-km-skbp-sS
BZckq-NIam-bn- 1957ð- Bcw-`n-¨Xm-Wv- Cu- AhmÀ-Uv.-
aebm-fnIfm-b- Fw- Fkv- kzm-an-\m-Y³,- Sn- F³- tij³,-
hÀ-Ko-kv- Ip-cy³- - DÄ-s¸sS \n-ch[n- C´ym-¡mÀ-¡v- Cu-
AhmÀ-Uv- e`n-¨n-«p-ïv.-
taLZq-Xv-
t]m-kv-äv- ImÀ-Un-sâ {]tXy-IX F´m-Wv?-
F¨v- ko-Xm-e£v-an,- t]«,- Xn-cp-h\´]p-cw-
taLZq-Xv- t]m-kv-äv- ImÀ-Unð- Hcp-
hi¯p-am-{Xta Fgp-Xm³- Ign-bq.- Hcp- hiw- ]cky-§Ä-¡v-
D]tbm-Kn-¡p-w.- km-[m-cW ImÀ-Un-sâ ]Ip-Xn- hn-e.- C´y-bnð-
Fhn-tS¡pw- Ab¡mw.- 2002 sk]v-Xw-_À- cïn-\m-Wv- BZy- ImÀ-Uv-
]p-d¯n-d¡n-bXv.-
s\Sp-§m-Sn-
_m-¦v- Bcw-`n-¨ hÀ-jw- GXm-Wv?-
A\o-ä sPbn-w-kv,- ]c¸\§m-Sn-
1899em-Wv- s\Sp-§m-Sn- _m-¦v- Bcw-`n-¨Xv.-
1913 ð- dn-kÀ-hv- _m-¦n-sâ Aw-Ko-Im-cw- e`n-¨p.- CXv- 2003
ð- ]ôm-_v- \m-jWð- _m-¦nð- ebn-¸n-¨p.-
sF t^mWn-sâ {]tXy-IX
F´m-Wv?-
]n- sI \m-cm-bW³,- hm-em-¨n-d
ku-Icy-§fp-sSbpw- km-t¦Xn-Ihn-Zy-bp-sSbpw-
Im-cy-¯nð- aq-ómw-Xeap-d (Pn-þ3)- sam-ss_ð- t^m-Wm-Wv- sF
t^m¬.- "ssat{Im-tkm-^v-äv- FIv-kv-tNôv- BÎo-hv- kn¦v'-
km-t¦Xn-Ihn-Zy-bnð- ASn-Øn-Xam-b CXnð- Hómw-Xeap-dtb¡mÄ-
cïn-c«n- thKw.- B¸nÄ- I¼\n- \nÀ-an-¨ sFt^m-Wnð-
Iq-Sp-Xð-- an-Ihp-Å Pn-]n-Fkv,- CâÀ-s\äv- ku-Icyw,- Iym-ad,-
aÄ-«n-ao-Un-b,- sshþss^ ku-Icy-§fp-ïm-Ipw.-
sdUv-k½À- F´m-Wv-?-
hn- ]n- kp-io-eIp-am-cn,- \Sp-hn-emð-
1919se th\ð-¡m-e¯v- Atacn-¡bnð- Idp-¯ hw-iPÀ-s¡Xn-sc
shÅ¡mÀ- \S¯n-b B{IaW§sf Idp-¯ hw-iP-À-
hn-tijn-¸n-¡p-óXv- "sdUv- k½À'- Fóm-Wv.-
Gäp-ap-«ep-Ifnð- \q-dne[n-Iw-t]À- sIm-ñs¸«p.- Fómð- 25
Idp-¯hÀ- DÄ-s¸sS 30 t]À- sIm-ñs¸s«óm-Wv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I
hn-iZo-IcWw.-
tem-Uv- sjUn-§pw- ]hÀ- I«pw-
X½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-ksa´m-Wv?-
tkXp-e£v-an- H sI,- hÀ-¡e
kn- sI sam-bv-Xo³-Ip-«n,- B\¡bw-
Fw- APn-Xv-Ip-amÀ-,- Xe¡f¯qÀ,-
kao-d Fw- Sn- ]n-,- \o-teiz-cw.-
Hm-tcm- {]tXy-I taJebn-te¡v- Hcp- \n-iv-Nn-Xkabw--
sshZyp-Xn- hn-XcWw- Hgn-hm-¡p-óXm-Wv- tem-Uv- sjUn-Mv.- CXv-
KmÀ-ln-I D]tbm-àm-¡sfbm-Wv- _m-[n-¡p-óXv.- Fómð,--
hy-hkm-bØm-]\§Ä¡v- \ð-Ip-ó sshZyp-Xn-bp-sS Afhnð- \n-iv-Nn-X
iXam-\w- Ip-dhp-hcp-¯p-óXm-Wv ]hÀ -I«v.-
UmÀ-«v- kn-kv-äw- F´m-Wv?-
e£v-an- hn,- Nm-¯³-tIcn,- Xn-cp-hñ
ISen-\Sn-bnð-\n-óp-Å kp-\m-an-bp-sS
sNdn-sbm-cpÛhw-t]m-epw- Adn-bp-óXn-\p-Å kp-\m-an-
ap-ódn-bn-¸p-- kw-hn-[m-\am-Wn-Xv.- Uo-]v-þHm-jy³-
Akkv-sa³-dv- B³-Uv- dn-t¸mÀ-«n-Mv- Hm-^v- kp-\m-ao-kv-
(DART) Fóm-Wv- ap-gp-h³- t]cv.-
_tbm-Uo-kð- Dð¸m-Z\w- hym-]Iam-¡m³-
DuÀ-Pn-X {iaw- Dïm-Im-¯sX´m-Wv?-
tP¡_v,- ]p-¯qÀ,- sIm-«m-c¡c
_tbm-Uo-kð- Dð¸m-Z\w-
t{]mð-km-ln-¸n-¡p-óXm-Wv- Fñm- cm-Py-¯n-s³-dbpw- \bw.-
Fómð- Ct¸mÄ- `£y-£m-aw- cq-£am-Ip-ó km-lNcy-¯nð- ssPh
Uo-kð- Dð¸m-Z\w- ]e cm-Py-§fpw- Ip-d¨n-«p-ïv.- CXn-\p-Å
kky-§fnð- ]eXpw- `t£ymð-¸m-Z\¯n-\pw-
D]tbm-Kn-¡m-hp-óXp-sIm-ïm-Wn-Xv.- hÀ-[n-¨p-hcp-ó F® Bhiyw-
\n-dthäm³- _tbm-Uo-kepw- thWsa¦n-epw- F® D]tbm-Kw-
Ip-dbv-¡p-Ibm-Wv- IcWo-bam-b amÀ-Kw.-
tKmÄ-^v- Ifn-bp-sS DÛhw- GXp- cm-Py-¯m-Wv?-
Fw- kp-tcjv-Ip-am-À,- sIm-bn-em-ïn-
kv-tIm-Sv-em³Unð.-- FUn- 1456em-WXv.- CXn-\p-Å
tcJIÄ- FUn³-_d _À-Kkv- tKmÄ-^n-Mv- skm-sskän- (Ct¸mÄ-
tdm-bð- _À-Kkv- tKmÄ-^n-Mv- skm-sskän)-bn-em-Wp-ÅXv.-
kv-tIm-Sv-em³Unð-\n-óm-Wv- Cw-¥ïn-te¡pw- Cu- Ifn- F¯n-bXv.-
_tbm-kv-^n-bÀ- dn-kÀ-hp-IÄ- (kw-c£n-X
ssPhaÞew-)- F´m-Wv?-
Zn-\p- sI,- sIm-f¡m-«p-Nm-en,- ae¸p-dw-
1995ð- skhn-ñn-bnð- tNÀ-ó tem-I ssPhaWv-Ue
kw-c£W kt½f\am-Wv- Cu- {]tZi§fp-sS tem-I irw-Jebv-¡v- cq-]w-\ð-In-bXv.-
sFIy-cm-jv-{Sk`bp-sS B`n-ap-Jy-¯nð- "bp-s\kv-tIm'-bm-Wv-
Cu- ssPh aWv-Ueirw-Jebp-sS en-kv-äv- X¿m-dm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-óXv.-
105 cm-Py-§fn-em-bn- 531 ssPh aWv-Ue kw-c£n-X taJebm-Wv- en-kv-änð-
DÅXv.- AXy-]qÀ-ham-b ssPhsshhn-[y-taJebp-sS kw-c£W¯n-\pw-
Cu- Bhm-khy-hkv-Ybp-am-bp-Å a\p-jy-sâ ku-lr-Zw-
Du-«n-bp-d¸n-¡m-\p-am-Wv- bp-s\kv-tIm- Cu- ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-eq-sS
e£y-an-Sp-óXv.- tIcf¯n-se AKkv-Xy-aebpw- Cu- ]«n-Ibnð-
DÄ-s¸Spw.-
F´m-Wv- Hmw-_p-Uv-kv-am³?
jm-Pn-Xtem-dm,- Xfn-¸d¼v-
]cm-Xn-IÄ- ]-cn-tim-[n-¨v- D-Nn-X-am-b- ]-cn-lm-cw-
Im-Wm-\p-Å- hy-Iv-Xn- F-óm-Wv- "-Hmw-_p-Uv-kv-am-³'-
F-ó- hm-¡n-s³d- AÀ-Yw.- kÀ-¡m-cn-t\m- A-Xp-t]m-ep-Å-
h-en-b- kv-Ym-]-\-§Ä-t¡m- F-Xn-cm-b- ]-cm-Xn-IÄ- ]-cn-tim-[n-¡m-\p-Å-
t^m-dw- F-ó- AÀ-Y-am-Wv- Hmw-_p-Uv-kv-am-\v- tIw-{_n-Uv-Pv-
Un-Iv-jv-W-dn- \-ð-Ip-óXv.-
F´m-Wv- sdUv- dn-_¬-
FIv-kv-{]kv?-
aqÀ-t¡m-¯v- _m-eN{µ³,- Ip-ac\ñqÀ-
Fbv-Uv-kn-s\Xn-cm-b t_m-[hð-IcW¯n-\v- tZio-b
Fbv-Uv-kv- I¬-t{SmÄ- HmÀ-Kss\tkj(\m-tIm)-sâ B`n-ap-Jy-¯nð-
cm-Py-am-sI F¯p-ó {]tXy-I s{Sbn-\m-Wv- sdUv- dn-_¬- FIv-kv-{]kv.-
Cu- hÀ-jw- 180 Pn-ñIfn-em-bn- 9000 In-tem-ao-äÀ- Cu- s{Sbn³-
kôcn-¡p-w.- s{Sbn-\nð- aÄ-«n-ao-Un-b DÄ-¸sSbp-Å am-[y-a§Ä-
D]tbm-Kn-¨p-Å {]ZÀ-i\§fpw- skan-\m-dp-Ifpap-ïv.- 43200 {Km-a§fnð-
CXn-sâ `m-Kam-bn- t_m-[hð-IcW ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ- kw-LSn-¸n-¡p-w.-
tIcf¯nð- Pq¬- 28 ap-Xð- Pq-sse F«p-hsc hn-hn-[ kv-täj\p-Ifnð-
Cu- t_m-[hð-IcW s{Sbn³- kôcn-¡p-w.- sh_v-sskäv-
www.nacoonline.org
Nn-e D]IcW§fnð-
"kn- C'- amÀ-¡v- Im-Wp-óp.-F´m-WXv?-
kp-ssl_v,- Hm-aticn-þ673 572
bq-tdm-]y³- hym-]m-c taJebn-se Dð-]ó§fp-sS Kp-W\n-ehm-cap-{Zbm-Wv-
"kn- C'.- bq-tdm-]y³- I¬-^À-an-än- (Europen Conformity)
Fó Cw-¥o-jv- hm-¡n-sâ {^ôv- cq-]am-b Communaute Europeenne-
Fó hm-¡nsâ {]Xo-Iam-Wn-Xv.-
F´m-Wv- dn-t¸m- \n-c¡v?-
sI hn- cm-Pp,- I¼n-then-¡Iw,- Im-¡\m-Sv,- FdWm-Ip-fw-
dn-kÀ-hv- _m-¦v- _m-¦p-IÄ-¡p- \ð-Ip-ó
hm-bv-]bp-sS ]en-i\n-c¡m-Wv- dn-t¸m- \n-c¡v.- Cu- \n-c¡v-
Dbcp-óX\p-kcn-¨v- _m-¦p-IÄ- P\§Ä-¡p- \ð-Ip-ó
hm-bv-]bp-sSbpw- ]en-i\n-c¡v- Iq-«p-w.-
Hm-lcn-hn-]Wn-bnð-
Ft¸m-gpw- tIÄ-¡p-ó t]cm-b \n-^v-än- F´m-Wv?-
ssk\pÄ- A_n-Zv,- ]¿óqÀ-
\m-jWð- kv-täm-¡v- FIv-tkôn-sâ kqNn-Ibm-Wv-
\n-^v-än.- t_mw-s_ kv-täm-¡v- FIv-tkôn-sâ kq-Nn-Ibm-Wv-
sk³-skIv-kv.- Cu- kq-Nn-IIÄ- Dbcp-óXpw- Xm-gp-óXpw- A\p-kcn-¨m-Wv-
Hm-lcn-hn-]Wn-bn-se XIÀ-¨bpw- DbÀ-¨bpw- IW¡m-¡p-óXv.-
{Zhy-¯n-s³-d
Ahkv-YIÄ- GsXm-s¡?-
Sn- _n-Pp,- tIm-bn-hn-f,- sIm-ñw.-
PbtamÄ,- ]Sn-ªm-ä¡c,- tXhe¡c.-
{Zhy-¯n-\v- im-kv-{Xtem-Iw- kÀ-h k½Xam-bn- Aw-Ko-Icn-¡s¸«
Bdp- cq-]§fm-Wp-ÅXv.- Jcw,- {Zm-hIw,- hm-XIw- Fóo- Ahkv-YIfm-Wv-
{][m-\w.- .-- ¹m-kv-abm-Wv- \m-em-as¯ Ahkv-Y.- t_m-kv- þ
sF³-kv-äo³- Iï³-tkäv- Aôm-as¯ Ahkv-Y.-
s^À-an-tbm-Wn-Iv- Iï³tkäv- Bdm-as¯ Ahkv-Y.-
Aôpw- Bdpw- Ahkv-YIfnð- sNdn-b am-ä§Ä- hcp-ó
hy-Xy-kv-X Ahkv-YIÄ- ]eXpw- et_m-d«dn-Ifnð-
cq-]s¸«n-«p-sï¦n-epw- C\n-bpw- im-kv-{Xtem-I¯n-sâ
B[n-Im-cn-I Aw-Ko-Im-cw- hcm-\n-cn-¡p-ótXbp-Åq.-
hm-XIw- Ign-ªmð- {]]ô¯nð- Gähpw-
Iq-Sp-Xep-ÅXv- ¹m-kv-abm-Wv.- AWp-hnð-\n-óp- thÀ-s]«
CeIv-t{Sm-Wp-Ifpw- t]m-kn-äo-hv- Atbm-Wp-Ifp-w- AS§n-bXm-Wv-
¹m-kv-a. kq-cy³- DÄ-s¸sSbp-Å \£{X§fpsS ap-¡mð- `m-Khpw-
¹m-kv-abm-Wv.-
1995ð- t_m-kv- sF³-kv-äo³- Iï³-tkäpw-
2004ð- s^À-an-tbm-Wn-Iv- Iï³-tkäpw- Ahkv-YIÄ- im-kv-{XPv-RÀ-
et_m-d«dn-bnð- kr-jv-Sn-¨p.- AWp-LSI§fp-sS {`aWw
AXn-io-Xm-hkv-Ybnð- {Iao-Icn-¨pw- aäp-am-Wv- {Zhy-¯n-s³d Cu-
Ahkv-YIÄ- kr-jv-Sn-¨Xv.- km-{µo-Icn-¨ t_m-tkm¬- Fó AWp-LSIw-
{`aW]Y¯n-s³-d Im-cy-¯nð- Htc Izm-ïw- Ahkv-Ybn-em-sW¦nð- Bdm-as¯
Ahkv-Ybnð- km-{µo-Icn¡s¸« s^À-an-tbm-Wp-IÄ- hy-Xy-kv-X
Izm-ïw- Ahkv-Ybn-ep-ÅXm-Wv.- CXn-sâ Xsó `m-Kn-Iam-bn- am-äw-
hó cq-]§fm-Wv- Ggmw- cq-]am-bn- hn-tijn-¸n-¡p-óXv.- CXn-\v-
C\n-bpw- A´n-a A\p-aXn-bm-bn-«n-ñ.-
Nn-¡p³-Kp-\n-b tcm-K¯n-\v- B
t]cp- hcm³- Im-cWw?-
km-cw-Kv- kp-tam-l³,- ht«m-fn,- tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv-
sIm-Xp-Iv- ]c¯p-ó Cu- tcm-K¯n-sâ e£W§fn-sem-óm-b
Akv-Yn-IÄ- hfbp-óXnð- \n-óm-Wv- Cu- t]cp- hóXv.- Cu- tcm-Kw-
1952ð- BZyw- s]m-«n-]p-ds¸« Sm³-km-\n-bbnsebpw-
sam-km-¼n-In-sebpw- -{]m-No-\`m-jbnð- ssIIm-ep-IÄ- hfbp-óXn-\v-
]dbp-ó hm-¡m-b Ip-¦m-\y-m-e Fó hm-¡n-sâ Cw-¥o-jv-
hm-¡p-Ifm-bn- - Nn-¡p³-Kp-\n-b
(chickenguinea),-
Nn-¡p³-Kp-\y-
(chickengunaya)
Fón-h tem-Ihym-]Iam-bn- {]Ncn-¨p.-
]m-sam-eo-\pw- ]m-tam-bn-epw-
X½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-ksa´m-Wv?-
hn- Fkv- A\nð,- Iq-S¸p-g,- Nm-e¡p-Sn
F®¸\bp-sS Im-bnð- \n-sóSp-¡p-ó k¯m-Wv- ]mw- Hm-bnð-.-
Jchpw- {Zm-hIhpw- tNÀ-ó Ahkv-Ybn-em-Wn-Xv.- CXv- kw-kv-Icn-s¨Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ-
e`n-¡p-ó {Zm-hI Ahkv-Ybn-ep-Å F®bm-Wv- ]m-sam-eo³.-
bq-tdm-]y³-
kv-t]kv- GP³-kn- GsXm-s¡ cm-Py-§fp-tSXm-Wv?-
Asse³,- Ip-óp-½ð,- ae¸p-dw-
{^m³-kv,- PÀ-a\n,- Cäen,- bp- sI,- s_ð-Pn-bw,- kv-s]bn³,-
kzn-äv-kÀ-eâv,- s\XÀ-emâv-kv,- kzo-U³,- Bkv-{Sn-b,- t\mÀ-sh,-
sU³-amÀ-Iv,- ^n³-emâv,- AbÀ-emâv,- t]mÀ-«p-Kð,- {Ko-kv,-
eIv-kw-_À-Kv Fóo- cm-Py-§fp-sS.-
`q-an- kw-_Ôam-b CS]m-Sp-IÄ-¡v-
dn-bð- Fkv-tääv- Fóp-
]dbp-ósX´m-Wv?-
sI en-Pn-, s]cp-th¼,- ]m-e¡m-Sv--
bYmÀ-Y tcJIfp-Å hkv-Xp-hn-\m-Wv- "dn-bð- Fóv- kv-]m-\n-jnð-
hn-fn-¨n-cp-óXv.- 1666 em-Wv- CXv- tcJs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ÅXv.-
BZy- Im-e§fnð- `q-an-bp-sS bYmÀ-Y DSaIÄ- cm-P
Ip-Spw-_am-bn-cp-óXn-\m-em-Wv- "tdm-bð- Fkv-tääv- Fó
AÀ-Y¯nð- kv-]m-\n-jnð- dn-bð -Fkv-tääv- Fó hm-¡v-
D]tbm-Kn-¨p- Xp-S§n-bXv.-
F´m-Wv- CâÀ-t]m-Ä?-
Fkv cam-tZhn-,- Ip-¼fw
A´m-cm-jv-{S s]m-eo-kv- kw-hn-[m-\am-Wv- CâÀ-t]m-Ä.- CâÀ-\m-jWð-
{In-an-\ð- s]m-eo-kv- HmÀ-Kss\tkj³- (sFkn-]n-H)-Fóm-Wv-
icn-bm-b t]cv.- 1923ð- kv-Ym-]n-¨p.- 186 cm-Py-§Ä- CXnð- Aw-K§fm-Wv.-
--
_p-¡À- ss{]kv- F´m-Wv?-
sI Zo-],- ISt¼cn
tIm-a¬-shð-¯v- cm-Py-§fn-se Cw-¥o-jv- Fgp-¯p-Im-cp-sS
an-I¨ cN\IÄ-¡p- \ð-Ip-ó AhmÀ-Um-Wn-Xv.-
C´y-bn-se Fgq-¯p-Im-cm-b Acp-ÔXn- tdm-bv,- In-c¬- tZim-bn-
Fón-hÀ-¡v- Cu- AhmÀ-Uv- e`n-¨n-«p-ïv.-
Hs]Iv- cm-jv-{S§fñm-sX
{][m-\
F®bpð-¸m-ZIcm-Py-§Ä- GsXm-s¡;- C´y-bnse {][m-\
F®J\\ taJe?- --
kp-\nð- _n- th¼\m-Sv-,- {]bmÀ-
{]Xn-Zn-\w- 20 e£w- _m-cenð- Iq-Sp-Xð- F®
Dð¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p-ó 14 cm-Py-§fp-ïv.- CXnð- Gsg®w- Hs]Iv-
CXc-cm-Py-§fm-Wv: Atacn-¡,- {_n-«¬,- djy,- saIv-kn-t¡m,-
ssN\,- Im-\U,- t\mÀ-sh.-- Fómð- Chbp-sS Dð-¸m-Z\w- Hs]Iv-
cm-Py§fp-sSb{X hcn-ñ.-
C´y-bnse {][m-\ F® J\\ taJe - apw-ss_ ssl
bm-Wv.-
ssN\bnð-
\S¡m³-t]m-Ip-ó Hfn-¼n-Iv-kn-s³-d
`m-Ky-Nn-lv-\¯n-s³-d {]tXy-IX
kv-än-a kv-äo-^³,- Xr-iqÀ-
"Um³-kn-Mv- _o-Pn-Mv'- Fóm-Wv-
Hfn-¼n-Iv-kv- `m-Ky-Nn-lv-\¯n-s³-d t]cv.- ]c¼cm-KX ssN\o-kv-
ssIsbgp-¯p--Iem-cq-]¯n-ð- "Pn-Mv-'- ("_o-Pn-Mv'-
FóXn-se Pn-Mv)--- Fó A£cs¯ \r-¯w-sN¿p-ó a\p-jy-\m-bn-
Nn-{Xo-Icn-¨n-cn-¡p-óp.- Hfn-¼n-Iv-kn-s\ hcthð-¡m-\p-Å
ssN\o-kv- P\Xbp-sS Bthiw- hy-Iv-Xam-¡p-óXm-Wv- `m-Ky-Nn-lv-\¯n-s³-d
ISpw-Np-h¸p-- \n-dhpw.- tem-I¯n-sâ hn-hn-[ `m-K§fnð- \n-óp-
e`n-¨ 1985 F³-{Sn-Ifnð- \n-óm-Wv- Cu- Nn-lv-\w- sXcsªSp-¯Xv.-
tUm-fÀ- s]¤n-Mv-
F´m-Wv?-
kn-Pp- ]n,- Ab¯nð,- sIm-ñw-
Hcp- cm-Py-¯n-s³d Id³-kn-bp-sS aq-eyw- asäm-cp-
cm-Py-¯n-s³-d Id³-kn-bp-sS aq-ey-¯n-ð-\n-óv- \n-iv-Nn-X
\n-c¡v- Ip-dt¨m- Iq-«n-tbm- kv-Yn-cs¸Sp-¯p-óXm-Wv- s]¤n-Mv.-
CXp-t]m-se Hcp- cm-Py-¯n-s³-d Id³-kn-bp-sS aq-ey-w- kzÀ-Ww-/shÅn-/bptd\n-bw-
Fón-hbp-sS aq-ey-hp-am-b _\v[-s¸Sp-¯n-bpw- \n-iv-Nbn-¡m-dp-ïv.-
tUm-fdn-s³-d aq-ey-hp-am-bn- _\v-[s¸Sp-¯n- Id³-kn-bp-sS
aq-eyw- \n-iv-Nbn-¡p-óXn-s\bm-Wv- tUm-fÀ- s]¤n-Mv- Fóp- ]dbp-óXv.-
Atacn-¡,-
{_n-«¬,- P¸m³,- ssN\,- djy Fóo-
cm-Py-§fnð- F{X hÀ-jw- Iq-Sp-t¼m-gm-Wv- P\kw-Jym--
IWs¡Sp-¸v?-
hn-t\m-ZvIp-amÀ- kn,- a¼m-Sv,- ae¸p-dw-
Ata-cn-¡-bn-epw- {_n-«-Wn-epw- 10 hÀ-jw-
Iq-Sp-t¼m-gm-Wv- sk-³k-kv.- P-¸m-\nð- A-ôp-
hÀ-j-¯n-sem-cn-¡ð.- ssN-\-bn-epw- d-jy-bn-epw- sk-³k-kv-
C-S-th-f- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.-
1897, 1920,- '-26,- '-37,- '-39,- '-59,- '-70,-
'-79,- '-89.- tkm-hn-b-äv- hn-`-P-\-ti-jw- 2002.-
ssN-\-bnð- 1913,- '-44,- '-72,- '-99,- 2004.-
\¼À- Fó Cw-¥o-jv-
hm-¡n-s³-d Np-cp-s¡gp-¯v- No.
BbsX§s\?-
sI sI Ip-am-c³,- am-\t´cn,- I®qÀ-
\¼À- Fó hm-¡n-s³-d em-än³- cq-]am-b \yq-atdm-
(Numero)
bp-sS BZy-s¯bpw- Ahkm-\s¯bpw- A£c§Ä- tNÀ-óXm-Wv- No. Fó
Np-cp-s¡gp-¯v.-
Ihm-km-¡n- tcm-Kw-
BZyw- IïXv- Fhn-sSbm-Wv?-
]n- sI tIm-b,- ]d¼nð- 673012
1967ð- P¸m-\nð- tUm.- tXm-an-km-Ip-
Ihm-km-¡n-bm-Wv- Cu- tcm-Kw- Isï¯n-bXv.-
F´m-Wv- thmÄ-thm?-
_joÀ- sI kn,- Aco-t¡m-Sv,- ae¸p-dw-
_kpw- {S-¡pw- \nÀ-an-¡p-ó- kzo-U-³ B-kv-Ym-\-am-b-
I-¼-\n-bm-Wv- "-F- _n- thmÄ-thm-'.- 1927 G-{]nð- 14\m-Wv-
I-¼-\n- kv-Ym-]n-¨-Xv.- C-óv- A-Xv- A-´m-cm-jv-{S- I-¼-\n-bm-Wv.-
bq-tdm-¸v,- A-ta-cn-¡,- G-jy,- B-{^n-¡- F-óo- `q-J-Þ-§-fnð-
B-kv-Ym-\-ap-ïv.-
F´m-Wv-
Y2K
t{]m-»w?-
Pn-¯v- tPmÀ-Pv,- hn-e§v,- FS¯e,- FdWm-Ip-fw.-
Iw-]yq-«dnð- Xo-bXn- tcJs¸Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ- hÀ-jw-
kq-Nn-¸n-¡m³- Bïn-sâ Ahkm-\s¯ cïv- A¡§Ä- (DZm: 1999\v-
99)- D]tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-óXv- 2000\v- Iw-]yq-«À- 00
tcJs¸Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ- 1900 Bbn- Iw-]yq-«À- sXän-²cn-¡m³-
CShcp-Ibpw IW¡p-Ifm-sI sXäp-Ibpw-sN¿psaó Bi¦bm-Wv- ssh Sp- sI
t{]m-»w- Fódn-bs¸«Xv.- Fómð,- Iw-]yq-«dnð- tNÀ-¯ 00,-
01,- 02 Fón-h 2000,- 2001,- 2002 Fón-hbm-sWóv- Iw-]yq-«À-
tkm-^v-äv-shbdnð- dn-tIm-Uv-sNbv-Xp.- hÀ-j¯n-sâ A¡§Ä-
ap-gp-h³- (2000)- Fóp- tNÀ-¯pw- {]iv-\w- ]cn-lcn-¨p.-
tem-I¯nð- Gähpw- Dbcap-Å kv-{Xo- Fó
sdt¡m-Uv- Ct¸mÄ- Bcp-tSXm-Wv?-
hn- B¯n-¡ ,- Xn-cq-c§m-Sn,- ae¸p-dw-
Ggv- ASn- Ggv- Côv- Dbcap-Å km³-Un- Asñ³- Fó
Atacn-¡¡m-cn-bm-Wv- Ct¸mÄ- Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-ó Gähpw-
Dbcap-Å kv-{Xo.- Kn-ókv- _p--¡nð- Ct¸mÄ- Cu- t]cp-ïv.-
Atacn-¡bnð- C³-Un-bm-\bnð- Xm-akn-¡p-ó km³-Unbp-sS t]cv--
1999 em-Wv- Kn-ókv- _p-¡nð- tcJs¸Sp-¯n-bXv.-
Ir-{Xn-aAhbh§Ä- Fóp- ap-Xð-¡m-Wv-
D]tbm-Kn-¨p- Xp-S§n-bXv?-
Ac¦ap-IÄ- kp-[m-Ic³-,- s\¿m-än³-Ic
]p-cm-W§fnð- t]m-epw- Ir-{Xn-a Ahbh§sf¸än-
]cm-aÀ-iap-ïv.- _n-kn- 1295 \pw- _n-kn- 664 \pw- CSbv-¡v-
Cu-Pn-]v-jy³- a½n-Ifp-sS Ahin-jv-S§fnð- \n-ópw- cïp-
Ir-{Xn-a Ahbh§Ä- e`n-¨Xm-bn- tcJs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv.- _n-kn-
300 ð- Cäen-bnð- sN¼pw- achpw- D]tbm-Kn-¨p- \nÀ-½n-¨
Ir-{Xn-a Ahbh§fp-sS Ahin-jv-S§Ä- e`n-¨n-«p-ïv.- C´y-bnepw-
Cu- cw-K¯v- BZy- Im-e§fnð- Xsó \n-ch[n- ]co-£W§Ä-
\Són-«p-ïv.- 1968 ð- Pbv-]p-cnð- \nÀ-½n-¨"Ir-{Xn-a
Im-ep-Ifm-b "Pbv-]pÀ- Im-ep-IÄ-’- tem-I {]ikv-Xam-bn.-
tUm.- ]n- sI tkXn-bpw- am-kv-äÀ-Pn- cmw- Nµdp-am-Wv- CXn-sâ
D]Pv-Rm-Xm-¡Ä.-
am-^n-b Fó hm-¡n-sâ Ddhn-Sw- GXp- `m-jbnð-
\n-óm-Wv?-
sI \m-Wp-¡p-«³-,- ]¯\w-Xn-«
Atacn-¡bp-sSbpw- Bkv-t{Sen-bbp-sSbpw- In-g¡³- Xo-cw-
tI{µo-Icn-¨v- cq-]w-sIm-ïv- tIm-k t\m-kv-{S Fó {In-an-\ð-
kw-L§sf hn-tijn-¸n-¨n-cp-ó kn-kn-en- `m-jbn-se hm-¡m-b
"am-^n-bq-kp-’- hnð- \n-óm-Wv- am-^n-b Fó hm-¡v-
{]Ncn-¨sXóp- Icp-Xp-óp.-
A´m-cm-jv-{S \o-Xn-\ym-b tIm-SXn-bp-sS BØm-\w-
Fhn-sSbm-Wv?-
lco-jv,- s]cn-§m-e,- sN§óqÀ-
A´m-cm-jv-{S \o-Xn-\ym-btIm-SXn- (CâÀ-\m-jWð- tImÀ-«v-
Hm-^v- Pkv-än-kv-)- 1945 HIv-tSm-_À- 24\v- \n-ehnð-hóp.-
s\XÀ-em³-Uv-kn-se- tlKn-ð- ]o-kv- ]m-ekm-Wv- BØm-\w.-
hn-hm-Zam-b
{In-kv-äð- ss\än-s\¡p-dn-¨v- hn-iZo-Icn-¡m-tam?-
tSm-an- tPm-k^v,- ku-¯v- sN§fw,- tIm-«bw-
ln-äv-edp-sS Im-e¯v- - PÀ-a\n-bnð-
Pq-X³-am-À-s¡Xn-sc Hä cm-{Xn- sIm-ïp- \S¯n-b Iq-«s¡m-ebpw-
sIm-Åbp-am-Wv- "{In-kv-äð- ss\äv’- Fó t]cnð-
Adn-bs¸Sp-óXv.- 91 Pq-X³-amÀ- sIm-esN¿s¸«p,- 30000 t]sc
Adkv-äv- sNbv-Xp- tIm¬-k³-t{Sj³- Im-¼p-Ifn-em-¡n.--
Bbn-c¡W¡n-\v- ISIÄ-¡pw- hn-Sp-IÄ-¡pw- Xo- sh¨p.- 1938 \hw-_À-
H¼Xn-\v- cm-{Xn- ap-Xð- 10 \v- t\cw- ]p-ecp-thm-fw- \c\m-bm-«v- \oïp.-
]mcn-knð- Hcp- Pq-X A`bmÀ-Yn PÀ-a³- \bX{´Ús\ sIm-e sNbv-Xp-
Fó \p-W{]Nm-cWw- Agn-¨p-hn-Sp-Ibpw- AXn-sâ s]m-Sp-ós\bp-Å {]Xym-Lm-Xam-bn-
PÀ-a³-ImÀ- PqXsc sXcªp-]n-Sn-¨v- sIm-ñp-Ibm-bn-cp-óp.- -Pq-Xth«bv-¡v-
B¡w- Iq-«m³- ln-äv-edpw- Iq-«m-fn-Ifpw- Agn-¨p-hn« Bkq-{Xn-X
\o-¡¯n-sâ `m-Kam-bn-cp-óp- CXv.-
tem-I¯n-se
Gähpw- hen-b BÀ-¨v- Umw- GXm-Wv?-
lco-jv- hen-b Im-em-bnð,- sN§óqÀ,- Be¸p-g
tem-I¯nð- Gähpw- Dbcap-Å BÀ-¨v- Umw-
XPn-In-kv-Ym-\nð- ]Wn-X 300 ao-äÀ- Dbcap-Å BÀ-¨v- Um-am-Wv.-
CkUv-
Im-äKdn- kp-c£sb¡p-dn-¨v- hm-bn-¨p.- GsXñmw- kp-c£Ifm-Wv-
C´y-bn-ep-ÅXv.?-
kn- sI sam-bv-Xo³-Ip-«n,- B\¡bw,-
tPm¬-k¬- sP,- s]cpw-§m-e,- sIm-ñw-
hn-in-jv-S hy-Iv-Xn-IÄ-¡v- AhÀ- hln-¡p-ó kvYm-\hpw-
AhÀ-¡p- t\scbp-Å `o-jWn-bp-sS {]m-[m-\y-hpw- IW¡n-seSp-¯v-
hn-hn-[ Xcw- kp-c£m- kw-hn-[m-\w- GÀ-s¸Sp-¯m-dp-ïv.- Gähpw-
DbÀ-ó kp-c£m- kw-hn-[m-\w- CkUv- ¹kv, -AXp- Ign-ªmð- CkUv,-
ssh,- FIv-kv. Fón-§s\.- -
kv-s]jyð- s{]m-«£³- {Kq-¸v (Fkv- ]n- Pn-)-,-
\m-jWð- skIyq-cn-än-KmÀ-Uv-kv,- Ct´m- Xn-_¯³- t_mÀ-UÀ-
s]m-eo-kv,- kn- BÀ- ]n- F^v- Fón-§s\ hn-hn-[ GP³-kn-Isf kp-c£m-
Np-aXebv-¡v- D]tbm-Kn-¡m-dpïv.- CkUv- ¹kn-\v- Fkv- ]n-
Pn-¡m-bn-cn-¡pw- Np-aXe.-
k]v-XmÛp-X§Ä-
sXcsªSp-¡m³- Xp-S§n-bXv- Fóm-Wv?-
Zo-] BÀ- N{µ³,- tIm-«h«w,- sIm-ñw.-
a\p-jy-\nÀ-an-Xhpw- Añm-¯Xp-am-b AÛp-X§sf
BZcn-¡p-ó ]Xn-hv- {]m-No-\Im-ew- ap-Xte Dïm-bn-cp-só¦n-epw- ]pcm-X\
{Ko-¡n-em-Wv- AÛp-X§fp-sS ]«n-I X¿m-dm-¡ð- Xp-S§n-bXv.- {Ko-Iv-
Ncn-{X]Þn-X³- sltdm-tUm-«km-Wv- Cu- Bib¯n-sâ D]Úm-Xm-hv.-
]p-cm-X\Im-es¯ Ggv- tem-Im-Ûp-X§fp-sS ]«n-I X¿m-dm-¡m³-
ap³-ssIsbSp-¯Xv- a[y-Im-ebp-K¯nð- U¨v- hm-kv-Xp-inð-¸n-
amÀ-«n³- thm¬- low-kv-sIÀ-¡v- BWv.- ]n-óo-Sv-
a[yIm-ebp-Ks¯bpw- B[p-\n-IIm-es¯bpw- AÛp-X§fp-sS ]«n-Ibpw-
X¿m-dm-¡s¸«p.-
Gähp-sam-Sp-hnð- 2007ð- ]p-Xn-b tem-ImÛp-X§fp-sS
]«n-Ibpw- X¿m-dm-bn.-
tem-I¯n-se Gähpw-
hen-b ]n-can-Uv- GXm-Wv.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se "Jp-^p--'hn--sâ-
]n-c-an-tUm- saIv-kn-t¡m-bn-se Nn-sa³- Cäv-tkm?-
Fkv- BÀ- k\ð- _m-ecm-a]p-cw-
_nkn- 26þmw- \q-äm-ïnð- ]Wn-X Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se
Jp-^p-hn-sâ ]n-can-Um-Wv- (t{Käv- ]n-can-Uv-)- \nÀ-an-¨Xnð-h¨v-
Gähpw- hen-bXm-bn- IW¡m-¡p-óXv.-
cïp-hihpw- 230 ao-äÀ- \o-fw.- 150 ao-äÀ- Dbcw.-
2-3,-00,-000 hen-b Ið-s¡«p-IÄ- D]tbm-Kn-¨m-Wv- \nÀ-an-¨Xv.-
]p-cm-X\ tem-ImÛp-X§fnð- {][m-\hpw- CXm-bn-cp-óp.-
saIv-kn-t¡m-bn-ð- Nn-sa³-Cäv-k'-bn-se ]n-can-Upw- tem-ImÛp-X§fn-sem-óm-Wv.-
ASn-b´-c{]tab¯n-sâ
{]m-[m-\yw- F´m-Wv?-
]n- hn- hn-iz-\m-Y³,- sIm-ft¨cn,- I®qÀ-
\n-ba\nÀ-am-Wk`Ifn-ð- t\cs¯ \n-iv-Nbn-¨ {]Im-cap-Å-
\S]Sn-{Ia§Ä-¡p-]p-dsa,- "iq-\y-thf' Fó kab¯v-
ap³-Iq-«n- \n-iv-Nbn-¨n-«n-ñm-¯ ASn-b´-c{]m-[m-\y-ap-Å
hn-jb§Ä- AhXcn-¸n-¡m³- Aw-K§Ä-¡v- kv-]o-¡dp-sS A\p-aXn-
tXSmw.- k`m-t\Xm-hn-s³-d hn-iZo-IcWw- tI«tijw- kv-]o-¡À- A\p-aXn-¡m-cyw-
Xo-cp-am-\n-¡pw.- tIcf \n-bak`bnð- cm-hn-se BZy- C\am-b
tNm-tZym-¯cthf Ign-ªv- ASp-¯Xn-te¡v- (k_v-an-j³- AhXcn-¸n-¡ð-)-
IS¡pw-ap-¼p-Å kabam-Wv- iq-\y-thf.-
tem-I¯n-se BZy-s¯
sSkv-äv- Sy-q-_v- in-ip- GXp- cm-Py-¯m-Wv?-
BZÀ-iv- Pn,- Nn-äqÀ,- ]m-e¡m-Sv-
1978 Pq-sse 25\v- tem-I¯n-se BZy- sSkv-äv- Syq-_v-
in-ip- eq-bo-kv- {_u¬- Cw-¥ïn-se t{KäÀ- am-ôkv-ädn-ð-
P\n-¨p.- 2006ð- 28þm-w- hbÊnð- km-[m-cW {]kh¯n-eq-sS
A½bm-bn.- Im-satdm¬- Fóm-Wv- Ip-«n-bp-sS t]cv.-
F´m-Wv- F^v-Fw?-
kz-Im-cy- F^v-Fw- kv-täj\p-IÄ-¡v- A\p-aXn-
\ð-Ip-óXv- Bcm-Wv?-
]n- cho{µ³,- hn-ey-m-¸n-Ån- 673542
tdUn-tbm- Xcw-K§fp-sS kôm-ckz-`m-ha\p-kcn-¨m-Wv-
F Fw,- F^v-Fw- Fóv- thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p-óXv.- F^v-Fw-: {^o-Iz³-kn-
tam-Up-tej³-.- CXnð- i_v-Z¯n-s³-d Bw-¹n-äyq-Uv- (hn-kv-Xm-cw)-
hy-Xym-kan-ñm-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw- {^o-Iz³-kn- (Bhr-¯n)-
hy-Xykv-Xañm-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibp-w- sN¿pw.- Bw-¹n-äyq-Un-\p-
hy-Xym-kan-ñm-¯Xp-sIm-ïv- F^v-F½n-ð- i_v-Zw- Iq-Sp-Xð-
hy-Iv-Xam-bn-cn-¡pw.-
kz-Im-cy- F^v-Fw- kv-täj\p-IÄ-¡v- A\p-aXn- \ð-Ip-óXv-
tI{µ hmÀ-¯ hn-XcWþ{]t£]W a{´m-ebam-Wv.- CXp-kw-_\v-[n-¨
]cm-Xn-IÄ- tIÄ-¡p-óXpw- Cu- hIp-¸m-Wv.-
sh_v-sskäv-:
http://mib.nic.in
_kp-aXn-¡v- t]äâv- t\Snb
hn-hm-Z Atacn-¡³- I¼\n- GXm-Wv?-
sI hn- A¼n-fn,- hñ¨n-d
sSIv-km-kv- BØm-\am-b _lp-cm-jv-{S I¼\n- "ssdkv-
sSIv- C³-Iv-'- BWv- Gsd hn-hm-Zam-b _kp-aXn- t]äâv- t\Sn-bXv.-
]n-Fkv-kn-bp-sS Xp-S¡w-
Fóm-Wv?-
Hm-¨n-d in-hIp-amÀ,- {]bmÀ- hS¡v-
kÀ-¡mÀ- kÀ-ho-kv- \n-ba\§Ä-¡v- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnð-
1936 Pq¬- 14\v- ]»n-Iv- kÀ-ho-kv- Iao-jWÀ- Fó A[n-Im-cn-sb
\n-ban-¨p.- sIm¨n-bnð- 1936ð- kv-äm-^v- skeIv-j³- t_mÀ-Uv- Fó
kw-hn-[m-\w- Dïm-¡n.- CXv- 1947ð- sIm-¨n³- ]»n-Iv- kÀ-ho-kv-
Iao-j³- Fó aq-ów-K kan-Xn-bm-¡n.-
Xn-cp-þsIm-¨n- kÀ-¡mÀ- cq-]o-IcWw-ap-Xð- 1949ð-
{Sm-h³-IqÀþsIm-¨n³- ]»n-Iv- kÀ-ho-kv- Iao-j\m-bn.- 1956ð- tIcfw-
cq]oIcn-¨tXm-sS tIcf ]»n-Iv- kÀ-ho-kv- Iao-j\m-bn- kw-kv-Ym-\am-sI
A[n-Im-c]cn-[n-bm-¡n.-
tem-I¯n-se BZy- _ln-cm-Im-ikôm-cn-bpw-
\n-ebhpw- GXm-Wv.-
AJnð- ]n- kn-,- s\¿m-än³-Ic
djy-¡m-c\m-b bq-dn- AeIv-kv- hn-¨v- KKm-dn³- BWv- BZy-s¯
_ln-cm-Im-ikôm-cn.- 1961 G{]nð- 12\m-Wv- B _ln-cm-Im-ibm-{X.- BZy- _ln-cm-Im-i\n-ebw-
1971 G{]nð- 19\v- kv-Ym-]n-¨ keyq-«v- 1.- CXv- tkm-hn-bäv-
bq-Wn-bt³-dXm-Wv-.-
\mÀ-t¡m- A\m-en-kn-kv-
Fóm-se´m-Wv?-
]n- sI \m-cm-bW³-,- ISp-¯p-cp-¯n.-
tIknð- kw-ibn-¡s¸Sp-óhcp-sSbpw- km-£n-Ifp-sSbpw-
ASn-¨aÀ-¯n-h¨ hn-Im-c§fpw- HmÀ-aIfpw-,-acp-óv- Ip-¯n-h¨v- Ahsc
AÀ-[t_m-[m-hØbn-em-¡n-btijw- tNm-Zy-§fn-eq-sS ]p-d¯p-sIm-ïp-hcp-Ibm-Wv-
\mÀ-t¡m- A\m-en-kn-kn-eq-sS.- Bip-]{Xn-bnð- A\kv-Xo-jy-kv-än-sâbpw
sskt¡m- A\en-kv-än-sâbpw- km-ón-[y-¯n-em-Wv- tNm-Zyw-sN¿ð.-
_m-w-¥q-cnð- \m-jWð- C³-kv-dn-äyq-«v- Hm-^v- saâð- slð-¯v-
B³-Uv- \yq-tdm- kb³-kknð- CXn-\p- ku-Icy-ap-ïv.- Nn-e cm-Py-§fnð--
Cu- At\z-jWcoXn- \n-tcm-[n-¨n-«p-ïv.-
km-¼¯n-IhfÀ-¨bpw- {]Xn-ioÀ-jhcp-am-\hpw-
hn-Ik\hpw-
X½n-ep-Å _Ôw- F´m-Wv?-
sI hn- \n-tIjv,- Ccn-§ð.-
km-¼¯n-IhfÀ-¨bp-sS ASn-Øm-\w- {]Xn-ioÀ-jhcp-am-\am-Wv.-
- Fómð,- {]Xn-ioÀ-jhcp-am-\hfÀ-¨ hn-Ik\s¯bpw- Po-hn-X\n-ehm-cs¯bpw-
{]Xn-^en-¸n-¡Wsaón-ñ.- BbpÀ-ssZÀ-Lyw,- hn-Zym-`ym-kw,- km-£cX
Fón-hsb ASn-Øm-\am-¡n- a\p-jy-hn-Ik\kq-Nn-I IW¡m-¡n-bm-Wv- Po-hn-X\n-ehm-cw-
IW¡m-¡p-óXv.-
Hm-tkm¬-]m-fn- A´co-£¯nð-
Dsïóv- Iïp-]n-Sn-¨Xv- Bcm-Wv?-
s^an- {^m³-kn-kv,- Rm-dbv-¡ð,- ssh¸n³-
Hm-tkm¬-]m-fn- A´co-£¯nð- t\cs¯Xsó Dsï¦n-epw-
KÔhpw- aäpw- Xn-cn-¨dn-bp-óXpÄ-s¸sSbp-Å ]co-£W§fn-eq-sS 1839ð-
kzn-äv-kÀ-e³-Un-se t_kð- kÀ-hIem-im-ebn-se im-kv-{XPv-R³ tjm¬-_o-\m-Wv-
Hm-tkm-Wn-sâ km-ón-[yw- BZy-am-bn- sXfn-bn-¨Xv.-
"dk-en-Mv- am-\n-b'- Fó
Im-bn-IaÕcw- shdpw- \m-SIam-tWm?- HcmÄ- Nm-¼y-\m-bn-
sXcsªSp-¡s¸Sp-óXv- F§s\bm-Wv-?-
sI kp³-_p-e¯v-,- Ip-än-¸m-e,- ae¸p-dw.-
hn-hn-[ cm-Py-§fnð ]p-cm-X\Im-ew-ap-Xð-t¡ hn-hn-[
BNm-c§fp-sSbpw- Im-bn-IaÕc¯n-sâbpw- `m-Kam-bn- Bcw-`n-¨
añbp-²§fnð- Hóm-b dk-en-Mv- _n-kn- 2300ð- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-em-Wv-
Xp-S¡saóp- Icp-Xp-óp.-
FXn-cmfn- ]n-Sn-¨v- \n-e¯Sn-¡p-Itbm- If¯n-\p- ]p-d¯m-hp-Itbm-
sN¿p-t¼mÄ--- AbmÄ- ]cm-Pbs¸Sp-óp.- Akm-am-\y- sabv-hg¡w- thïXpw-
Ifn-\n-ba§fp-sS N«h«§fm-ð- \n-b{´n-¡s¸«Xp-am-Wv- Cu-
Im-bn-IaÕchpw.- t]m-cm-«hpw- H¸w- hn-t\m-Zhpw- CXn-ep-ïv.- thÄ-Uv-
dk-en-Mv- s^Utdj³- \S¯p-ó Gähpw- hen-b añbp-²am-b dk-ð-am-\n-b-
1989ð Xp-S§n.- 2009ð- 25þmw- SqÀ-Wsaâm-Wv.-
P¸m-\n-se Hcp-Xcw- añbp-²am-b kp-tam-bnð- aÕct¯¡mÄ-
hn-t\m-Zam-Wv- {][m-\w.- jn-tâm- ssZhs¯ {]o-Xn-s¸Sp-¯m-\p-Å
BNm-cam-bm-Wv- Xp-S¡w.- A[n-I`£Whpw- Dd¡hpw- sXm-gn-em-¡n-bhcm-Wv-
kp-tam-bnð- ]s¦Sp-¡m-dv.-
hn-hn-[ cm-Py-§fp-sS \q-dp-IW¡n-\v-
Ir-{Xn-a D]{Kl§Ä- _ln-cm-Im-i¯p- {`aWw-sN¿p-t¼mÄ- Iq-«n-ap-«m-³-
km-[yX Ctñ?-
a\m-^v- au-ehn-,- Bän³-]p-dw,- ]m-Wbw,- s\Sp-a§m-Sv.-
Ir-{Xn-a D]{Kl§Ä- hy-Xy-kv-X {`aW]Y§fn-ð¡q-Sn-
kôcn-¡p-óXp-sIm-ïv- Iq-«n-ap-«m-\p-Å km-[y-X Ip-dhm-Wv.- Fómð,-
Im-em-h[n- XoÀ-óXpw- Zu-Xyw- ]cm-Pbs¸«Xp-sam-s¡bm-bn- \n-ch[n- Ir-{Xn-a
D]{Kl§Ä- Ct¸m-gpw- _ln-cm-Im-i¯v- \n-b{´Ww-hn-«p-
Np-än-¡d§p-óp-ïv.- \n-ehnð- {]hÀ-¯n-¡p-ó aq-hm-bn-ct¯m-fw-
D]{Kl§Ä-¡p- ]p-dsa D]tbm-Kiq-\y-am-b \n-ch[n- tdm-¡än-sâ Ahin-ã§fpw-
D]{Kl§fpw- Ct¸m-gpw- _ln-cm-Im-i¯v- Id§p-óp.- CtXm-sSm-¸w- {`aW]Y¯nð-\n-óp-
sXón-am-dn-hcp-ó £p-{Z{Kl§fpw- Iq-Sn-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ- _ln-cm-Im-i¯n-\pw-
`q-an-¡pw- `o-jWn-bm-Wv.- {`aW]Y¯nð- Cu- Ahinjv-S§Ä- Iq-«n-bn-Sn-¨v-
Xo-]n-Sn¡m-dp-ïv.- Ah `q-an-bnð- ]Xn-¡m-dp-ap-ïv.-
kap-{Z¯n-\Sn-bnð- Fhdkv-än-t\¡m-fpw-
Dbcap-Å sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- DÅt¸mÄ- Fhdkv-än-\v- Hómw-Øm-\w- \ð-In-bsX´m-Wv?-
]n- Fkv- kp-_o-jv-,- Aóticn,- tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv.-
kap-t{Zm-]cn-Xe¯nð-\n-óp-Å Dbcw- IW¡m-¡n-bm-Wv- DóXn-bnð-
Fhdkv-äv- ap-ónem-Ip-óXv-.- 8850 ao-äÀ- Dbcw.- Fómð,- lhm-bv- Zzo-]n-\Sp-¯v-
]k^n-Iv- kap-{Z¯nð- Øn-Xn-sN¿p-ó "au-\m-Io'- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-¡v-
kap-{Z¯n-se ASn-`m-Kw-ap-Xð- ap-Ifnð-hsc 10,203 ao-äÀ- Dbcw-
IW¡m-¡p-óp.- kap-t{Zm-]cn-Xe¯nð-\n-óp- ap-Ifn-te¡v- au-\m-Io-¡v-
4208 ao-äÀ- am-{Xam-Wv- Dbcw.-
thÄ-Uv- sshUv- shºn-sâ BZy-cq-]¯n-sâ
t]sc´m-Wv-?-
Fw- lco-jv-,- s]cn-§m-e,- sN§óqÀ.-
Atacn-¡³- {]Xn-tcm-[hIp-¸n-sâ AUzm³-kv-Uv- dn-kÀ-¨v- t{]m-PÎv-
GP³-kn- (FBÀ]n-F)-bp-sS Iw-]yq-«dp-IÄ- X½n-ep-Å hn-hcssIam-ä¯n-\p-Å
irw-Je
(net)
Fó \n-ebnð- Bcw-`n-¨ AÀ-]m-s\äv- (ARPANET)
BWv- CâÀ-s\än-sâ BZy-cq-]w.- CâÀ-s\än-sâ {]Nm-cw- hy-m-]Iam-¡n-b
Sn-kn-]n- ({Sm³-kv-an-j³- I¬-t{SmÄ- t{]m-t«m-tImÄ),- sF]n- (CâÀ-s\äv-
t{]m-t«m-tImÄ)- Fón-hbp-sS Iïp-]n-Sn-¯¯n\v- t\Xr-Xzw- \ð-In-b-
hn³-Uv-skÀ^v- CâÀ-s\än-s³-d ]n-Xm-hm-bn- Adn-bs¸Sp-óp.-
1983 CXp- \n-ehn-ð-hóp.- Fómð,- 1991ð- Snw- s_À-tWgv-kv- eo-
CâÀ-s\än-se hn-hchn-\n-abw- Ffp-¸am-¡p-ó thÄ-Uv- sshUv- sh_v- (www)
Fó kw-hn-[m-\¯n-\v- cq-]w-sIm-Sp-¯tXm-sSbm-Wv- CâÀ-s\äv- C{X
hn-]p-eam-b {]Nm-c¯n-em-bXv.-
aym³-a-dnð- ho-in-bSn-¨
Im-än-\v- "\À-Ko-kv'- Fóm-bn-cp-ótñm- t]cv-. -Im-äp-IÄ-¡v- C§s\
t]cp-hcp-ósX§s\?-
C hn- a[p,- Fe¯qÀ.-
Im-äp-IÄ-¡v- t]cn-Sm³- BZy-Im-e§fnð-
hy-Xy-kv-Xk{¼Zm-b§fm-bn-cp-óp.- shkv-äv- C³-Uo-kn-ð GXp- ]p-Wy-hm-fsâ
kv-acWZn-\¯n\p- tijam-tWm- Im-äv- ho-in-bXv- B ]p-Wy-hm-fsâ
t]cn-Sp-am-bn-cp-óp.- Fómð,- 1941ð- tPmÀ-Pv- U»yp-
kv-sähmÀ-«n-sâ t\m-hð- "kv-tämw'- ]p-d¯n-d§n-bt¸mÄ- AXnð-
Im-än-\v- kv-{Xo-bp-sS t]cn-«tXm-sS Cu- k{¼Zm-bw- {]Ncn-¨p.- 1953 ð-
Cw-¥o-jv- A£cam-e-{Ia¯nð- Im-än-\v- kv-{Xo-Ifp-sS t]cn-«p-Xp-S§n.-
]n-óo-Sv,- ]p-cp-j,- h\n-Xm,- t]cp-IÄ- am-dn- am-dn-
D]tbm-Kn-¨p-Xp-S§n.-
Ct¸mÄ- sFIy-cm-jv-{S kwLS\bv-¡p-Io-gnse tem-I Im-em-hØ kw-LS\bp--sS
am-\ZWv-Ua\p-kcn-¨v- hn-hn-[ do-PWð- I½n-än-IÄ- t]cn-Spw.-
2004ð- D]tbm-Kn-¨ t]cp-IÄ- 2010epw- 2005teXv- 2011epw- Fó {Ia¯nð-
Xp-SÀ-ópw- D]tbm-Kn-¡pw.- h³-\m-iw- hn-X¨ Im-äp-Ifp-sS t]cv-
Hgn-hm-¡n- ]p-Xn-b t]cp-IÄ- tNÀ-¡pw.
tabÀ- Fó hm-¡v- GXp- `m-jbnð- \n-óp-
hóXm-Wv?-
]n- Fw- _m-e³,- hSIc
hen-bh³,- alm³- FóÀ-Yap-Å
maior
-Fó em-än³- hm-¡nð- \n-óm-Wv- Cw-¥o-jn-te¡v- tabÀ- Fó hm-¡v-
hóXv.- ]n-óo-Sv- \Kc¯n-sâ {]Ya ]u-c³- Fó \n-ebnð- Cw-¥o-jv- cm-Py-§fnð-
D]tbm-Kn-¨p- t]m-óp.-
hm-än-\pw- ]Icw- 2010 ð- \S¸m-¡p-saóp-
]dbp-ó Pn- Fkv- Sn- bp-sS ap-gp--h³- t]sc´m-Wv?-
Sn- Fkv- kZm-\µ³,- s]cp--¼m-hqÀ-
Pn- Fkv- Sn- Fómð- Kp-Uv-kv- Bâ kÀ-ho-kkv- Sm-Iv-kv-.- -
Hdn-Km-an-bp-sS DÛhw- Fhn-sSbm-Wv?-
Zo-]- BÀ- N{µ³,- tIm-«h«w,- sIm-ñw.-
ISem-kp-IÄ- hn-hn-[ cq-]¯nð- aS¡n- at\m-lcam-b
Iu-Xp-Ihkv-Xp-¡Ä- \nÀ-an-¡p-ó Iebm-Wv- "Hdn-Km-an'-
(origami).
Hdn-
(folding)
Fómð- aS¡p-I.- Im-an-
(kami)
Fómð- ISem-kv.- ]p-cm-X\ Pm-¸\o-kv- Iebm-bm-Wv- CXv- Adn-bs¸Sp-óXv.-
ssN\bnð- t]¸À- aS¡n- \nÀ-an-¨ Iem-cq-]§fnð-\n-óm-Wv- CXn-s³-d
Xp-S¡sa¦n-epw- Hcp- Iesbó \n-ebnð- hfÀ-óXpw- hn-Ikn-¨Xpw- Bdmw- \q-äm-ïnð-
P¸m-\n-em-Wv.- ssN\bnð-\n-óv- _p-²k\ym-kn-amÀ-- sIm-ïp-hó ISem-kv-
D]tbm-Kn-¨m-Wv- P¸m-\nð- CXn-s³-d Xp-S¡saóp- Icp-Xp-óp.-
Hm-tkm¬- ]m-fn-bn-se hn-Åð- Ft¸m-gm-Wv-
Isï¯n-bXv?-
]n- kzm-Xn-]n-Å,- am-Wn-t¡m-¯v,- Im-kÀ-tIm-Sv-
A´co-£¯n-se t¢m-tdm-^v-fq-tdm- ImÀ-_¬- (kn-F^v- kn-)-
hm-XI§Ä- Hm-tkm¬-]m-fn-¡p- hn-Åð- ho-gv-¯p-óXm-bn- 1970Ifnð- \S¯n-b
]T\¯nð- Isï¯n.- A³-dmÀ-«n-¡v- {]tZis¯ Hm-tkm¬- ]m-fn-bn-se
hym-]Iam-b hn-Åð- 1986ð- Isï¯n.-
kn-a³-dnð- tNÀ-¡p-ó LSI§Ä- Fs´ñmw?-
]n- Ip-ªp-tam³-,- Ftfcn-¯«v,- Im-kÀ-tIm-Sv-
sI«n-S\nÀ-am-W¯n-\v- D]tbm-Kn-¡p-ó km-[m-cW t]mÀ-«v-em³Uv-
kn-a³-dnð- Np-®m-¼p-Iñv,- Ifn-a®v,- Pn-]v-kw Fón-h
AS§n-bn-cn-¡p-óp.- Np-®m-¼p--Iñv- Ifn-a¬-t]m-ep-Å an-{in-Xhp-am-bn-
tNÀ-¯v- 1450 Un-{Kn- skð-jy-kv- hsc NqSm-¡p-t¼mÄ- e`n-¡p-ó
Iñp-t]m-ep-Å hkv-Xp- Pn-]v-khp-am-bn- tNÀ-¯v- s]m-Sn-bm-¡p-óp.-
_eq¬- Iïp-]n-Sn-¨Xm-cv?
sI ap-l½Zv- Aen,- ]p-IbqÀ,- Hf¡c.-
BZy- _eq¬- \nÀ-an-¨Xv- t]mÀ-¨p-Ko-kv- ]p-tcm-ln-X³- _À-Xtem-an-tbm-
Un- Kp-kv-am-hm-Wv.- 1709 BKkv-Xv- F«n-\v- t]mÀ-¨p-Ko-kv- tIm-SXn-bnð-
CXv- {]ZÀ-in-¸n-¨p.- Fómð- ssl{UP³- \n-d¨ BZy- d_À- _eq¬- 1824ð-
ssa¡Ä- ^m-csUbm-Wv- Iïp-]n-Sn-¨Xv.-
dn-tam-«v- I¬-t{Sm-fn-s³-d Xp-S¡w-
Fhn-sSbm-Wv?-
at\jv-Ip-amÀ,- ]m-e¡m-Sv-
þsI- ap-l½Zv- Aen-
dn-tam-«v- I¬-t{SmÄ- 1893ð- \n-t¡m-f sSkv-e
Iïp-]n-Sn-¨p.- Atacn-¡³- t]ä³-dpw- CXn-\p- e`n-¨p.-1950ð- sk\n-¯v-
tdUn-tbm- tImÀ-]tdj³- CXv- \nÀ-an-¨p.- '-56ð- hy-m-hkm-bn-I Dð-]m-Z\w-
Xp-S§n.-
\£{X§fn-se shÅ¡p-Ås\t¸m-se
Icn-¦p-ÅòmÀ- DÅXm-bn- Aw-Ko-Icn-¡s¸«n-«p-tïm?-
tPm-kv- tKm-Xp-cp-¯v,- FdWm-Ip-fw-
\£{X§Ä-¡I¯v- AWp-kw-eb\w- Fó {]hÀ-¯\am-Wv- \S¡p-óXv.-
cïv- ssl{UP³- AWp-tI{µ§Ä- tbm-Pn-¨v- Hcp- lo-en-bw- AWp-hpw-
DuÀ-Php-ap-ïm-Ip-óp.- Cu- {]hÀ-¯\w- \n-b{´n-Xam-bn- \S¡p-óXv-
Kp-cp-Xzm-IÀ-jWap-ÅXp-- aq-eam-Wv.- tIm-Sm-\p-tIm-Sn- hÀ-jw-
Ign-bp-t¼mÄ- "C\v-[\w'- Xo-cp-óXn-\\p-kcn-¨v- {]hÀ-¯\w-
aµo-`hn-¡p-Ibpw- A´y-Zn-ibn-te¡v- IS¡p-Ibpw- sN¿pw.- \£{X§fp-sS ]n-Þa\p-kcn-¨m-Wv-
AXn-s³-d A´yw- Fóv- C´y³- im-kv-{XPv-R\m-b tUm.- N{µtiJdm-Wv-
IW¡p-Iq-«n- ]dªn-cn-¡p-óXv.- kq-cy-t\¡mÄ- 1.-4 Cc«n-bnð- Xm-sgbm-Wv-
]n-Þsa¦nð- AXv- Hcp- shÅ¡p-Å\m-bn- am-dpw.- AXnð- Iq-Sp-Xem-Wv- ]n-Þsa¦nð-
\yq-t{Sm¬- \£{Xam-Ipw.- ]nÞw- aq-ón-c«n-bn-e[n-Iam-sW¦nð- AsXm-cp-
Xtam-Zzm-cam-bn- am-dm-\m-Wv- km-[y-X.-
Hcp- shÅ¡p-ų- Im-e{Ia¯nð- Hcp- {_u¬-Ip-Å\pw- AXn-\p-tijw-
Icn-¦p-Å\p-am-Im³- km-[y-Xbp-ïv.- Cu- kv-Yn-Xn-bnð- AXn-s³-d hep--¸w-
Hcp- km-[m-cW {Klt¯¡mÄ- t¸m-epw- hfsc sNdp-Xm-Ipw.- Hcp- D]IcW¯n-eq-sS
CXn-s\ Im-Wp-I {]bm-kam-Wv.- -
C´y³- {In-¡än-s³-d ]n-Xm-hv-
Fódn-bs¸Sp-óXv- Bcm-Wv?-
kRv-Pbv- e£v-a¬-,- Nn-äqÀ,- ]m-e¡m-Svv.-
Cw-¥o-jp-Im-cp-sS hcthm-sSbm-Wv- C´y-bnð- {In-¡än-s³-d
Xp-S¡w.- A¡m-es¯ cm-Pm-¡òmcp-w- {In-¡än-s\ t{]mð-km-ln-¸n-¨p.- \h\KÀ-
cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-ó cRv-Pn-Xv- kn-Mv-Pn-bm-bn-cp-óp- CXnð- ap-ónð.- At±lw-
Cw-¥ïn-ð- tIw-{_n-Uv-Pnð- ]Tn-¡m³- - t]m-bt¸mÄ- {In-¡äv- ]cn-io-en-¨p.-
At±lam-Wv- C´y-bnð- {In-¡än-s³-d ]n-Xm-hm-bn- Adn-bs¸Sp-óXv.- tZio-b
{In-¡äv- Nm-¼y-³-jn-¸m--b "cRvPn-t{Sm-^n'- At±l¯n-s³-d
t]cn-em-Wv.-
Ip-gð-]Ww- Fó hm-¡n-sâ
Dð-`hw- F§s\?- X¯p-ey-am-b Cw-¥o-jv- hm-¡p-tïm?-
Sn-Fw- ss]en,- tIm-Xaw-Kew-
hn-tZi\m-Wy- hn-\n-ab cw-Ks¯ \n-bahn-t[bañm-¯ Asñ¦nð-
A\[n-Ir-X CS]m-Sp-IÄ-¡v- ]{X§Ä- D]tbm-Kn-¨p-Xp-S§n-b aebm-fw-
hm-¡m-Wv- "Ip-gð-]W CS]m-Sv'-.- Hcp- {]tXy-I Nm-\en-eq-sS F¯p-ó ]Ww-
FóÀ-Yw.- {]m-tZin-I ]{X§fn-se hn-Nn-{Xam-b hm-¡p-Isf¡p-dn-¨p- KthjWw-
\S¯n-b hn- Ko-XIp-am-cnbpw- Cu- hm-¡v- ]{X§fn-em-Wv- Xp-S§n-bsXópw-
{]Ncn-¨sXópw- - ]dbp-óp. www.languageinindia.com sh_v-sskänð- Cu- {]_Ôw-
{]kn-²o-Icn-¨n-«p-ïv. lhm-e (Ad_n-bn-epw- ln-µn-bn-epw-)-,- ss]]v-aWn,-
Syq-_v- aWn- (Cw-¥o-jnð)-- Fón-h- CXn-\v- kam-\am-bn- Cw¥o-jv- ]{X§fn-epw-
{]tbm-Kn-¡p-óp-ïv.- CXnð- \n-óm-Imw- aebm-f¯n-te¡pw- CXp- hym-]n-¨Xv.-
-
ao-äÀ- Fó Afhn-s³-d
Xp-S¡w-
Fhn-sSbm-Wv?-
an-{Xkn,- tIm-«bv-¡ð-
{Ko-¡v- `m-jbn-se sat{Sm¬- Fó hm-¡nð-\n-óm-Wv-
ao-äÀ- Fó hm-¡v- hóXv.- {^ôn-epw- Cw-¥o-jn-epw- ao-äÀ- Fóm-Wv-
D]tbm-Kn-¡p-óXv.- 1797 ap-Xð CXv- {]Nm-c¯n-ep-ïv.- {^m³-kn-em-Wv-
ao-äÀ- Fó Afhv- BZy-am-bn- \n-ehnð- hóXv.- ]n-óo-Sv- 1875ð-
{^m³-knð- \Só A´m-cm-jv-{S kt½f\w- CXv- tem-Iam-sI Aw-Ko-Icn-¡m³-
Xo-cp-am-\n-¨p.-
F´m-Wv- P\kw-Jym- LSn-Im-cw?-
sI ap-l½Zv- Pp-ss\Zv-,- ap-ï¡m-Sv- þ 670597
Hm-tcm- cm-Py-s¯bpw- P\\,- acW \n-c¡p-Ifp-sS icm-icn-
Isï¯n,- AXnð-\n-óv-- Hm-tcm -Zn-hks¯bpw- aWn-¡q-dn-sebpw- an-\n-än-sebpw-
sk¡³Un-sebpw- icm-icn- P\kw-Jym-hÀ-[\ IW¡m-¡p-óp.- CX\p-kcn-¨v-
sh_v-sskäp-Ifnð- t{]m-{Kmw-sNbv-X Un-Pn-äð- t¢m-¡p-Isf P\kw-Jym-LSn-Im-cw-
Fóp- ]dbp-óp.- CXnð- Hm-tcm- sk¡³-Un-epw- P\kw-JyhÀ-[\ Im-Wn-¡pw.-
Fómð,- CXv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I IW¡ñ.- - Hm-tcm- cm-Py-hpw- Hu-tZym-Kn-Iam-bn-
\S¯p-ó sk³-kkn-s\ Xp-SÀ-óv- {]Jym-]n-¡p-óXm-Wv- bYmÀ-Y P\kw-Jy.-
Akv-Xabkq-cy-\v- Np-h¸p-\n-dsa´m-Wv?-
]n- _m-e³- ap-tïm-«v,- I®qÀ-
Akv-Xabkab¯v- kq-cy-civ-an-IÄ-¡v- `q-an-bn-se¯m³-
km-[m-cWt\ct¯¡mÄ- 16 Cc«n- kabw- thWsaóm-Wv- tPym-Xn-im-kv-{XPv-RÀ-
IW¡m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-óXv.- km-[m-cW kab¯p-Xsó kq-cy-civ-an-IÄ- `q-an-bn-te¡v-
]Xn-¡p-t¼mÄ- hm-bp- Xòm-{XIfnð- X«n- Xcw-KssZÀ-Lyw- Ip-dª
civ-an-IÄ- Nn-Xdn-s¯dn-¡p-óp.- Xcw-KssZÀ-Lyw- Iq-Sn-b _m-¡n-bp-Åhtb
`q-an-bnð- hy-Iv-Xam-bn- Im-Wm-\m-Iq.- Akv-Xabkab¯v- Zq-c¡q-Sp-Xepw-
Iq-Sn-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ- Xcw-KssZÀ-Lyw- Gähpw- Iq-Sn-b Np-h¸p-civ-an-IÄ-
am-{Xta `q-an-bnð- Im-Wm-\m-Iq.- AXm-Wv- Np-h¸p-\n-dw.
ASp-¯Im-e¯v- sIm-¨p-
ku-cbq-Yw- Iïp-]n-Sn-¨p-shóv- hmÀ-¯ Iïp.-
icn-bm-tWm?-
]n- Fkv- ap-cfo-Ir-jv-W³,- ssX¡ð,- tNÀ-¯e
kq-cy-\pw- AXn-\p-Np-äpw- {`aWw-sN¿p-ó {Kl§Ä,-
D]{Kl§Ä,- [q-atIXp-¡Ä,- On-ó{Kl§Ä- Xp-S§n-b hkv-Xp-¡fpw--
DÄ-s¸Sp-ó Ip-Spw-_s¯bm-Wv- ku-cbq-Yw- Fóp- ]dbp-óXv.- aäp- Nn-e
\£{X§sfbpw- hew-sN¿p-ó {Kl§fp-ÅXm-bn- \n-co-£n-¨n-«p-ïv.- CXnð-
Nn-eXv- ku-cbq-Y¯n-\p- kam-\am-Wv- Fóp- hn-iz-kn-¡m³- Im-cW§fp-ïv.-
At\Iat\Iw- {]Im-ihÀ-j§Ä- AIsebp-Å {Kl§sf¡p-dn-¨v- Iq-Sp-Xð-
Adn-bm³- Cós¯ D]IcW§Ä- {]m-]v-Xañ.-
Np-«p-]gp-¯ {Klam-bn-cp-tóm-
`q-an.- AXn-\p-tijw- `q-an-bnð- Po-hs³-d Xp-SÀ-¨ F§s\ Dïm-bn?-
sI hn- sshim-Jv,- ap-¡p-Xe,- ae¸p-dw-
`q-an-bp-sS Xm-]\n-e Xm-gv-ótXm-sS Np-äp-ap-Å \o-cm-hn-
L\o-`hn-¨v- ags]¿m³- Xp-S§n.- Nq-Sp-shÅw- XWp-¯v- Hcp- L«¯nð-
_m-Iv-So-cn-bt]m-ep-Å AWp-Po-hn-Ifp-ïm-bn- Fóm-Wv- Icp-Xp-óXv.-
Po-h³- Dïm-bsX§s\ FóXn-s\ kw-_\v-[n-¨v- \n-ch[n- ]cn-Ið¸\Ifp-ïv.-
CXn-sem-óm-Wv- BZn-a Ip-g¼p-kn-²m-´w- (Primordial Soup Theory).
ao-tY³,- Atam-Wn-b,- Pew- Xp-S§n-bhbpÄ-s¡m-Åp-ó Hcp- an-{in-X¯nð-
Nn-e {]tXy-I km-lNcy-¯n-em-Wv- Po-hs³-d BZn-aIWn-Ibp-ïm-bXv- Fóm-WXv.-
Bg¡Sen-se cm-kkar-²am-b Pew- ap-Ifn-se Nq-Sp-Å Pehp-am-bn- {]Xn-{]hÀ-¯n-¨Xm-Im-saóv-
asäm-cp- kn-²m-´hp-ap-ïv.- Bg¡Sð- _lnÀ-Ka\kn-²m-´w- (Deep Sea
Vent Theory) Fóm-Wn-Xv- Adn-bs¸Sp-óXv.-
sNm-Æbn-se "kv-{Xo-cq-]w'-
hm-À-¯bm-btñm,- IYIfn-set¸m-se A\y-{KlPo-hn-IÄ- k¦ð¸w- am-{Xam-tWm?-
sI- ss_Pp-tam³,- No-t¡m-Sv,- ae¸p-dw-
A\y-{KlPo-hn-IÄ- FóXv- Hcp- k¦ð¸w- FóXn-t\¡mÄ- Hcp-
km-[y-Xbm-Wv.- Fómð- ku-cbq-Y¯n-\I¯p-t]m-epw- `q-an-sbm-gn-sI
asähn-sSsb¦n-epw- ssPhkm-ón-[y-ap-ÅXm-bn- C\n-bpw-
sXfn-bn-¡s¸tSïXm-bp-ïv.- sNm-Æ {Kl¯nð- Isï¯n-b cq-]w- a\p-jy-k-Zr-i-am-bn-
tXm-ón-bXn-\mð- \m-k Iu-Xp-I¯n-\p-thïn- ]p-d¯p-hn-«Xm-Imw.- Xð¸cI£n-IÄ-
Iw-]yq-«À- t{]m-kkn§n-eq-sS AXv- ]cn-jv-Icn-¡p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xn-cn-¡mw.-
sNm-Æ -{Klw- Po-hn-IÄ-¡v- hkn-¡m³- tbm-Ky-añ.- Po-hs³-d {]m-Ir-Xcq-]§sfs´¦n-epw-
Aao-_m-Xe¯nð- Isï¦n-em-bn.- A\´am-b {]]ô¯nð- Fhn-sSsb¦n-epw-
GsX¦n-epw- hn-[¯n-ep-Å Hcp- _p-²n-bp-ïm-tb¡m-saóp-Å km-[y-X
XÅn-¡fbm-\p-am-hn-ñ.-
_ln-cm-Im-i¯v-
BZyw- bm-{X sNbv-X h\n-X Bcm-Wv?
AÅt¡³- ]p-cp-tjm-¯a³,- hf]«Ww-
djy-¡m-cn-bm-b hm-fâo-\ sXscjv-tIm-hbm-Wv- _ln-cm-Im-ibm-{X
\S¯n-b BZy- h\n-X.- 1963 Pq¬- 16 \m-bn-cp-óp- B bm-{X.-
DZbm-kvX-ab§fnð- kq-cy-\v-
hep-¸w- Iq-Sm³- Im-cWsa´v?-
F³ _n-\o-jv-Ip-amÀ-,- ^bÀ-kv-täj³,- Im-kÀ-tIm-Sv-
kq-cy-\m-bm-epw- N{µ\m-bm-epw- DZbm-kv-Xabkab¯v-
Iq-Sp-Xð- hep-¸w- tXm-ón-¡pw-.- D]IcW§Ä-sIm-ïv- Afóm-ð-
DZbkab¯m-bm-epw- D¨kab¯m-bm-epw- hep-¸¯nð- am-äan-ñ.- AIes¯
kw-_Ôn-¨ ap³-hn-[n-tbm-sS t\m-¡p-óXp-sIm-ïm-Wv- hep-¸¡q-Sp-Xð-
tXm-óp-óXv.- DZbkab¯v- D¨kabt¯¡mÄ- kq-cy³- AIsebm-sWó [m-cW \ap-¡p-ïv.-
DZn-¡p-t¼m-gm-bm-epw- Akv-Xan-¡p-t¼m-gm-bm-epw- hn-hn-[ ]iv-Nm-¯e¯nð-
t\m-¡n-bmð- AXv- ]e hep-¸¯nð- Zriy-am-Ipw.- Np-cp-¡¯nð- \½p-sS
I®v-,- a\Êv- (_p-²n)- Fón-hbp-sS {`aam-Wv- Cu- Im-gv-Nbp-sS ImcWw.-
N{µ\n-te¡p-Å-
bm-{Xbv-¡v- C{Xbpw-
hen-b CSthfIÄ- F´m-Wv?-
cXo-jv-Ip-amÀ- Fw- hn,-- t]cm-hqÀ,- I®qÀ-
N{µ\nð- a\p-jy-s\ Cd¡p-I,- \S¯p-I FóXv-
io-XkacIm-e¯v- tkm-hn-b-äv -bq-Wn-bsâbpw- Atacn-¡bpsSbpw- A`n-am-\{]iv-\am-bn-cp-óp.-
Atacn-¡ BZy-bm-{X \S¯n-btXm-sS tkm-hn-b-äv- bq-Wn-b³- ]n-òm-dn.-
Atacn-¡bv-¡m-Is« AXv- DtZz-KP\Iañm-sXbpw- am-dn.- Cu- km-lNcy-¯n-em-Wv-
h¼n-¨ ap-Xð-ap-S¡p-ÅXpw- AXn-\\p-kcn-¨ {]Xn-^ean-ñm-¯Xp-am-b
Nm-{µZu-Xy-§Ä- \nÀ--¯n-h¨Xv.-
N{µ\nð- Bfn-d§p-I Fó ]p-Xn-b ]cn-]m-Sn-bp-sS e£yw-
Ahn-sS Hcp- Xm-hfap-ïm-¡p-I FóXm-Wv.- _ln-cm-Im-i\n-eb§fnð- \n-óp-ÅXn-t\¡mÄ-
em-`Icam-bn- Ahn-sS\n-óv- ]co-£Whpw- \n-co-£W§fpw- hn-t£]W§fpw-
\S¯m³- Ign-bp-at{X! am-{Xañ,- N{µ\n-te¡v- hn-t\m-Zkôm-cw- \S¯m³-
tIm-So-iz-còm-sc BIÀ-jn-¡p-Ibp-w-sN¿mw.-
cm-{Xn- kôcn-¡p-t¼mÄ-
BIm-i¯p- t\m-¡n-bmð-
N{µ³- \½p-sSIq-sS hcp-óXm-bn-
tXm-óp-ósX´p-sIm-ïv?-
Aiz-Xn- ]n,- shÅn-t\gn,- ]m-e¡m-Sv-
N{µ³- am-{Xañ,- kq-cy-\pw- \£{X§fp-aS¡w- Fñm-
BIm-itKm-f§fpw- \mw- kôcn-¡p-t¼mÄ- Iq-sS kôcn-¡p-óXm-bn-
tXm-ópw.- BIm-itKm-f§Ä- Du-lm-Xo-Xam-b Zq-c¯nð- \nð-¡p-óXp-sIm-ïm-Wn-Xv.-
Xo-hïn-bnð- kôcn-¡p-t¼mÄ-t]m-epw- ASp-¯p-Å hkv-Xp-¡Ä- thK¯nð-
]n-dtIm-«p-t]m-Ip-óXm-bpw- AIsebp-Å hkv-Xp-¡Ä- Iq-sShcp-óXm-bpw-
tXm-óm-dp-ÅXm-Wtñm.- hn-im-eam-b hbð-¡cbn-eq--sS kôcn-¡p-t¼mÄ-
CXv-- Iq-Sp-Xð- {]ISam-Wv.-
ku-cbq-Y¯n-se
Fñm- {Kl§fpw-
tKm-fm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-Wtñm-.- F´m-Wv?-
an-Yp³- ]n- sI,- ]p-Xp-t¡m-Sv,- ]m-e¡m-Sv-
ku-cbq-Y¯n-se {Kl§Ä- am-{Xañ,- BIm-i¯n-se \£{X§fpw-
tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-Wv- Im-Ws¸Sp-I.- aäp- \£{X§Ä- ¡p- Np-äpw- {Kl§fp-sï¦nð-
Ahbpw- tKm-fm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-bn-cn-¡pw.- tI{µ¯n-te¡p-Å
Kp-cp-Xzm-IÀ-jWam-Wv- BIm-ihkv-Xp-¡sf tKm-fm-Ir-Xn-bnð- \n-À--¯p-óXv.-
am-{Xañ,- {Zm-hIZibnð- ssIhcn-¡m-hp-ó Gähpw- Øn-cXbmÀ-ó cq-]w-
tKm-fm-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv.- tKm-fm-Ir-Xn- ssIhcn-¡m³- thïpw- Kp-cp-Xz-an-ñm-¯
]ZmÀ-Y§sf {Kl§fm-bn- Aw-Ko-Icn-¨n-«n-ñ FóXv- asäm-cp- Im-cyw.-
Bkv-_kv-tämkn-sâ {]tXy-IX
F´m-Wv-?-
]n- ]n- kPo-h³-,- Xr-¨w-_cw,- Xfn-¸d¼v-
ssl{Ukv- saKv-\o-jyw- kn-en-t¡än-s³-d hIt`Zam-b cm-khkv-Xp-hm-b
saätamÀ-^n-Iv- an-\dep-Ifnð-\n-óp-Å Im-Wm³- Ign-bm-¯ sNdn-b
\m-cp-Ifm-Wv- Bkv-_kv-täm-kv.- CXv- kna³-dpw- Xp-Wn-bpw-
DÄ-s¸sSbp-Å aäp- hkv-Xp-¡fp-am-bn- tNÀ-¯v- \nÀ-an-¡p-ó
Dð-¸ó§Ä-¡v- Xo- ]Scp-óXv- XSbm-\p-Å Ign-hp-ïv.-
hn-hcm-hIm-i \n-ba{]Im-cw-
hn-hc§Ä- Adn-bm³-
F´p-sN¿Ww?-
kXo-jv-Ip-amÀ- fm-¡m-«qÀ,- aetÈcn-
cm-Py-¯n-s³-d kp-c£m-Im-cW§fm-epw- aäpw-
Hgn-hm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-ó hn-hc§sfm-gn-¨v- kÀ-¡m-cp-am-bpw-
Xm-sgX«p-hscbp-Å kÀ-¡mÀ- Hm-^o-kp-Ifp-am-bpw- _\v-[s¸« hn-hc§Ä-
s]m-Xp-P\§Ä-¡v- e`y-am-¡p-Ibm-Wv- Cu- \n-ba¯n-sâ e£yw.- Hm-tcm-
kv-Ym-]\hpw- hIp-¸pw- Hcp- DtZym-Kkv-Ys\ C³-^À-taj³- Hm-^o-kdm-bn-
\n-ban-¨n-«p-ïv.-- kw-kv-Ym-\Xe¯nð- No-^v- C³-^À-taj³-
Iao-jWdp-ap-ïv.- ]¯p- cq-] At]£m- ^o-kv- \ð-In- AXXv- kv-Ym-]\§fnð-
At]£n-¨mð,-- e`n-¡p-ó hn-hc§fp-sS t]Pn-\pw- kn-Un-bm-sW¦nð- AXn-\pw-
sNdn-sbm-cp- ^o-kv- \ð-In- hm-§mw.- kw-kv-Ym-\ No-^v- C³-^À-taj³-
Iao-jWdp-sS hn-em-kw-: Chief Information Commissioner, Kerala State
Information Commision, Punnen Road, Thiruvananthapuram-695039
C³-^À-taj³- hIp-¸n-s³-d sh_v-sskäv- www. kerala.gov.in v-sh_v-sskänð-
Right to Information Act 2005 Fó `m-K¯v- ¢n-¡v- sNbv-Xmð- hn-hn-[
hIp-¸p-Ifn-epw- kv-Ym-]\§fnepw- CXn-\p- Np-aXebp-Åhcp-sS en-kv-äpw-
A\p-_Ô hn-hc§fpw- e`y-am-Wv.-
sFbp-kn-F³- sdUv- en-kv-äv-
F´m-Wv?-
{]ho¬- Fw- ]n,- Nq-fq-À- þ 673 601
A´m-cm-jv-{S kw-LS\bm-b C³-dÀ-\m-jWð- bq-Wn-b³- t^mÀ-
Zn- I¬-kÀ-thj³- Hm-^v- t\¨À- B³Uv- \m-¨p-dð- dn-tkm-gv-kkv-
(sFbp-kn-F³-)- tem-I¯n-se hw-i\m-iw- t\cn-Sp-ó kky-§fp-sSbpw- Po-hn-Ifp-sSbpw-
]«n-I Hm-tcm-hÀ-jhpw- X¿m-dm-¡p-óp.- Cu- ]«n-Ibm-Wv- sFbp-knF³-
sdUv- en-kv-äv.- A]qÀ-h kky-Po-hPm-e§fp-sS hw-i\m-i¯n-te¡v-
tem-I{i²sIm-ïp-hcm³- Cu- en-kv-äv- klm-bn-¡m-dp-ïv.-
www.iucnredlist.org sh_v-sskän-epw- CXp- {]kn-²o-Icn-¡p-óp.-
]Ws¸cp-¸w- Fóm-se´m-Wv?-
hn-e¡bähp-am-bn-
CsX§s\ _Ôs¸«n-cn-¡p-óp? Du-l¡¨hSw,-
Ah[n-hym-]m-cw- F´m-Wv?-
{]ho¬- Fw,- IS¡c¸Ån,- tNÀ-¯e
Sn- F _o-cm³-Ip-ªn,- Fdn-bm-Sv,- sIm-Sp-§ñqÀ
kp-P jm-Pn,- Nm-óm-\n-¡m-Sv,- tIm-«bw-
Dð-¸ó§fp-sSbpw- tkh\§fp-sSbpw- hn-e hÀ-[n-¡p-Ibpw-
AX\p-kcn-¨v- ]W¯n-s³-d aq-eyw- Ip-dbp-Ibpw- sN¿p-óXn-s\bm-Wv- ]Ws¸cp-¸w-
Fóp- ]dbp-óXv.- D]t`m-Iv-Xr-hn-e kq-Nn-I(Consumer Price Index)bp-sS
hÀ-[\ t\m-¡n-bm-Wv- ]e cm-Py-§fpw- ]Ws¸cp-¸\n-c¡n-s³-d DbÀ¨
tcJs¸Sp-¯p-óXv.- sam-¯w- hn-ekq-Nn-I (Wholesale Price
Index){]Im-cam-Wv- C´ybnð- ]Ws¸cp-¸\n-c¡v- IW¡m-¡p-óXv.- Fómð,-
BZy-t¯Xm-Wv- Iq-Sp-Xð- Im-cy-£aw-.-
hcm-\n-cn-¡p-ó Hcp- Xo-bXn-¡v- Dïm-Im-hp-ó hn-e
ap³-Iq-«n- \n-iv-Nbn-¨v- (Ah[n-hn-e)- Ct¸mÄ- \S¯p-ó hym-]m-cam-Wv-
Ah[n-hym-]mcw.- Ir-jn-sN¿p-t¼mįsó hn-fshSp-¸n-\p-- tijap-Å hn-e
]dªp-d¸n-¨v- [m-\y-§Ä- hm-§m³- CS\n-e¡mÀ- IcmÀ- Dd¸n-¡p-óp.-
CXv- hn-fshSp-¸p-Im-e¯v- CS\n-e¡mÀ-¡v- hn-e¡bäw- Dïm-¡m³-
Ahkcsam-cp-¡p-óp.- CXv- Hcp- X-cw- Du-l¡¨hSam-Wv.-
sSen-hn-j\n-se dn-bm-en-än-
tjm-Ifp-sS DÛhw-
Fhn-sSbm-Wv?-
]n- sI \m-cm-bW³,- ]m-em-¨n-d,- tIm-«bw.-
t\cs¯ Fgp-Xn- X¿m-dm-¡n-b kv-{In-]v-äv- A\p-kcn-¨ñm-sXbp-Å
Sm-e³-dv- skÀ-¨v- t{]m-{Km-ap-IÄ,- kw-Ko-X]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ,- Izn-kv- ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ-
Fón-h "dn-bm-en-än -tjm'- Fó t]cnð- Adn-bs¸Sp-óp.-
hmÀ-¯Ifpw- kv-t]mÀ-Sv-kv- ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw- IYIsf Bkv-]Zam-¡n-bp-Å
]c¼cIfpw- dn-bm-en-än- tjm-Ifnð- DÄ-s¸Sn-ñ.-
sSen-hn-js³-d hcthm-sS hn-hn-[ cm-Py-§fnð- C¯cw- ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ-
hn-hn-[ cq-]§fnð- Act§dn-sb¦n-epw- ASp-¯Im-e¯v- C´y-bn-epw- {]Nm-ctadn-hcp-óp.-
{_n-«Wnð- 1964ð- "skh³- A]v'- Fó t]cnð- {Km³-U sSen-hn-j³-
]c¼cIÄ- km-[m-cW¡m-sc ]s¦Sp-¸n-¨p- \S¯n-bXv- Gsd
{]kn-²am-bn-cp-óp.- 1973ð- Atacn-¡bnð- "B³- Atacn-¡³-
^m-an-en'- Fó dn-bm-en-än- tjm-bpw- {]kn-²am-bn-cp-óp.-
ISð-shůn-\v- D¸p-ckw-
hcm³- Im-cWsa´m-Wv-?-
F hn- _m-_p,- I«¨n-d,- tNÀ-¯e
aeIfnð-\n-ópÛhn-¡p-ó \Zn-IÄ- ]m-dIfn-eq-sSbpw-
a®n-eq-sSbpw- Hgp-In-bm-Wtñm- ISenð- F¯p-óXv.- ]m-dIfnð- \n-ch[n-
[m-Xp-¡fpw- tkm-Un-bw- t¢m-ssdUv- DÄ-s¸sSbp-Å D¸p-Å hkv-Xp-¡fpw-
AS§n-bn-cn-¡p-óp.- Hgp-¡p-Å shůnð- ]m-dIÄ- s]m-Sn-ªv-
shůnð- ebn-¡p-óXp-sIm-ïv- shůn-\v- D¸p-ckw- Dïm-Ip-óp.-
]cw-hoÀ- N{I acWm-\´c _lp-aXn-bm-tWm?-
Zo-] sI,- ISt¼cn,- I®qÀ-
]cw -hoÀ- N{I C´y-bp-sS ]ctam-óX ssk\n-I_lp-aXn-bm-Wv.-
cm-Py-¯n-s³-d i{Xp-¡Ä-¡p- ap-ónð- kz-Po-h³- _en-bÀ-¸n-t¨m-
Añm-sXtbm- t]m-cm-Sn-b [o-ccnð-- [o-c(]cw-hoÀ)-\m-b ssk\n-I\p- \ð-Ip-ó
_lp-aXn-bm-Wv.- 1950 P\p-hcn- 26\m-Wv- Cu- AhmÀ-Uv- GÀ-s¸Sp-¯n-bXv.-
Iq-Sp-Xð- t]À-¡pw- CXv- acWm-\´cam-Wv- e`n-¨n-«p-ÅXv.-
P½p-þI-iv-aoÀ- ssk\n-I Iym-¼n-se kp-t_ZmÀ- taPÀ- _m-\m-kn§n-\v-
Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ- Cu- _lp-aXn- e`n-¨n-«p-ïv.-
F´m-Wv- ISen-se Zq-cw-
Af¡m³- t\m-«n-¡ð -ssað- D]tbm-Kn-¡p-óXv?-
sI \m-Wp¡p-«³,- IS¼\m-Sv,- ]¯\w-Xn-«
Icbnð- Hcp- {]tXy-I kv-Ye¯p-\n-óv-- F{X AIsebm-Wv-
ISen-se Hcp- kv-Ym-\w- Fódn-bm³- Af¡p-óXv- "t\m-«n-¡ð- ssað'-
Fó Afhn-em-Wv.- GXp- Zn-ibn-te¡m-sW¦n-epw- GItZiw- Hcp an-\n-äv-
A£mw-iw- Zq-cw- Fó AÀ-Y¯n-em-Wv- "t\m-«n-¡ð- ssað'-
D]tbm-Kn-¡p-óXv.- Hcp- t\m-«n-¡ð-ssað- 1852 aoäÀ.- C³-dÀ-\m-jWð-
sslt{Um-{Km-^n-Iv- _yq-tdm- 1929ð- Aw-Ko-Icn-¨Xm-Wv Cu- Afhv.-
APn-t\m-tam-t«m- F´m-Wv?-
dn-bm-kv- ]n- Xgh,- Icp-\m-K¸Ån-
`£W]ZmÀ-Y§Ä-¡v- cp-Nn-Iq-«m³- tNÀ-¡p-ó
hkv-Xp-hm-Wv- tam-tWm- tkm-Un-bw- Fð- ¥q-«taäv- (Fw-Fkv-Pn)- AYhm-
APn-t\m-tam-t«m.- ISð-¸m-benð-\n-óp-ïm-¡p-ó Hcp-Xcw- D¸v-
`£W¯n-s³d- cp-Nn- Iq-«m³- P¸m³-ImÀ- D]tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-óp.- CXn-se
cm-khkv-Xp- Xn-cn-¨dn-ªXv-- 1866ð- PÀ-a³- sIan-kv-äv- ImÄ-
ln³-dn-¨v- set]mÄ-Uv- dn-t¯m-k\m-Wv.- 1907ð- Pm-¸\o-kv- KthjI³-
s{]m-^.- In-¡p-s\ Ct¡mh CXp- Ir-{Xn--aam-bn- \nÀ-an-¡m-saópw-
Iïp-]n-Sn-¨p.- Blm-c¯nð- DÄ-s¸Sp-¯n- Iq-Sp-Xem-bn- Ign-¡p-óXv-
CXp- s]m-Xp-sh ico-c¯n-\v- tZm-jIcam-Wv.- Ip-«n-IÄ-¡v- CXp -IeÀ-¯n-b
Blm-cw- sIm-Sp-¡cp-sXóv- tUm-Iv-SÀ-amÀ- \nÀ-tZin-¡p-óp.-
Un-F³-F sSkv-äv- Fómð-
F´v? CXn-sâ hn-izm-ky-X F{Xam-{Xam-Wv?- C´y-bnð- Cu- sSkv-äv- \S¯m-³-
Fhn-sS ku-Icy-ap-ïv?-
Ir-jv-WZm-kv,- I®qÀ,-
{]kóctajv- CS¸Ån
Hcp- hy-àn-bp-sStbm- Po-hkv-]o-jn-kn-sâtbm-
ico-c¯n-eS§n-b Un-F³-Fsb ASn-Øm-\am-¡n- \S¯s¸Sp-ó ]co-£Wkt¦Xam-Wv-
Un-F³-F sSkv-äv.- Un-F³-F ssS¸n-Mv,- Un-F³-F s{]m-ss^en-Mv,- sP\n-än-Iv-
^nw-KÀ- {]nân-Mv-,- Un-F³-F ^nw-KÀ- {]nân-Mv- Fóo- t]cp-Ifn-epw- CXv-
Adn-bs¸Sp-óp-ïv.- hn-ceSbm-fw- FóXv- Hm-tcm- hy-àn-¡pw- {]tXy-Iam-bn-cn-¡p-óXp-t]m-se
Hm-tcm- hy-àn-bnsebpw- Un-F³-F¡p-Ån-se Nn-e `m-K§Ä- asäm-cm-fn-epw-
Im-Ws¸Sm-¯ Xc¯nð- hy-Xy-kv-Xam-bn-cn-¡pw.- Htc Xc¯nð-
BhÀ-¯n-¨p-hcp-ó Un-F³-F LSI§fp-sS Cu- {Iaw- Hm-tcm- hy-àn-bn-epw-
khn-tijam-bp-ÅXm-Wv.- an-\n km-ässeäp-IÄ- Fódn-bs¸Sp-ó Chbp-sS
Xm-cXay-¯n-eq-sSbm-Wv- Un-F³-F sSkv-äv- \S¯p-óXvv.- Un-F³-F sSkäv- \S¯p-óXn-\v--
D]tbm-Kn-¡p-ó hn-hn-[ amÀ-K§Ä-¡\p-kcn-¨v- CXn-sâ hn-izm-ky-X-
Gdn-bpw-- Ip-dªp-an-cn-¡pw.- BÀ-F^v-Fð-]n- Fódn-bs¸Sp-ó
sdkv-{Sn-Iv-äUv- {^m-Kv-saâv- seMv-Xv- t]m-fn-tam-À-^n-kw- Fó kt¦Xam-Wv-
CXnð- Gähpw- hn-izm-ktbm-Ky-am-bn- IW¡m-¡p-óXv.- 10,-000 tIm-Sn-bnð--
Hóv- Fó \n-ebn-te sXäv- CXn-eq-sS Dïm-Ip-óp-Åq.- Ip-ähm-fn-Isf
Isï¯m-\pw- ]n-Xr-Xzw- sXfn-bn-¡m-\pw- Un-F³-F sSkv-äv-
D]tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-ïv.- ASp-¯Im-e¯m-bn- sNSn-Ifp-sS hÀ-Ko-IcWw-
Ip-äaäXm-¡m-\pw CXv- D]tbm-Kn-¨p-hcp-óp.- C´y-bnð- sslZcm-_m-Zv- BØm\-am-b
skâÀ- t^mÀ- skñp-emÀ- B³-Uv- tam-fn-Iyp-eÀ- _tbm-fPn-(kn-kn-Fw-_n)-bnð-
CXn-\v- ku-Icy-ap-ïv.- ISp-hIfp-sS F®w- Xn-«s¸Sp-¯p-óXn-\v- Un-F³-F
sSkv-äv- D]tbm-Kn-¡p-óXn-eq-sS ChÀ- ASp-¯Im-e¯v- {i² t\Sn-bn-cp-óp.-
Hcp- hy-àn- D]tbm-Kn-¡p-ó km-[\§Ä- (Sq-¯v-{_jv,- tdkÀ- t»Uv...-),-
ico-c{Zh§Ä- (càw,- hn-bÀ-¸v,- tbm-\o-{Zhw,- Dan-\o-cv,- ip-¢w-)-
ap-Xem-bh Un-F³- sSkv-än-\v- km-¼n-fm-bn- D]tbm-Kn-¡mw.-
F´m-Wv-
hmÄ -kv-{So-äv?-
ap-l½Zv- Pp-ss\Zv- sI, ap-ïbm-Sv-
Atacn-¡bnð- \yq-tbmÀ-¡v- \Kc¯nð- tem-hÀ-
am³-lm-«³- Zzo-]n-em-Wv- hmÄ- kv-{So-äv.- \yq-tbmÀ-¡v- kv-täm-Iv-
FIv-kv-tNôn-s³-d BZy- Bkv-Ym-\w- Fó \n-ebnð- {]i-kv-Xam-btXm-sS Atacn-¡³-
km-¼¯n-I Bkv-Ym-\¯n-\pw- Atacn-¡³- km-¼¯n-I Xmð-¸cy-§Ä-¡pw-
"hmÄ-kv-{So-äv'- Fóm-Wv- hn-fn-t¸cv.-
F´m-Wv- "t{]m-t«m-tImÄ'?-
tPmWn- t]mÄ,- FSm-«p-Im-c³,- Cu-kv-äv- t^mÀ-«v,- Xr-iqÀ-
hn-hn-[ cm-Py-§fp-sS \bX{´ {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifp-sSbpw- cm-jv-{S¯eh³-am-cp-sSbpw-
Iq-Sn-¡m-gv-Nbv-¡p-Å BNm-c§sfbm-Wv- t{]m-t«m-tImÄ- (Protocol)
Fóv- BZy-Im-e¯v- hn-tijn-¸n-¨n-cp-óXv.- ]n-óo-Sv- kÀ-¡m-cp-Ifp-sS
Hu-tZym-Kn-I¨S§p-Ifp-sS Aw-Ko-Ir-X Io-gv-hg¡§Ä-¡pw- Cu- t]cv- hn-fn-¨p.-
]m-¸n-dkv- sNSn-bp-sS CeIÄ- Np-cp-«n-s¡«n-bXv- (Protokoll)
Fó AÀ-Y¯n-em-Wv- Cu- hm-¡v- D]tbm-Kn-¨p- Xp-S§n-bXv.-
"Nm-{µbm³þ 1'-
F´m-Wv?-
tPm-kv- N{µ³,- Ip-dp-]p-g Cfh«w,- Xn-cp-h\´]p-cw-
N{µ\n-te¡p-Å C´y-bp-sS \nÀ-Zn-jv-S BZy- _ln-cm-Im-i
Zu-Xy-¯n-\v- C-« t]cm-Wn-Xv.- sFFkv-BÀ-H kz-´am-bn- hn-Ikn-¸n-s¨Sp-¯
_ln-cm-Im-ihm-l\w- D]tbm-Kn-¨m-Wv- Cu- Zu-Xyw- \n-dthäm³- Hcp-¡w- \S¡p-óXv.-
Cu -hÀ-jw-Xsó CXp- k^eam-¡m-\p-Å {]hÀ-¯\§Ä Xp-Scp-óp.-
www.isro.org/chandrayan-1 CtX¡p-dn-¨v- hn-iZam-bn- {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-óp.-
sam-ss_ð- t^-m¬- tkh\§Ä-
D]t`m-Iv-Xr-\n-ba¯n-s³-d
]cn-[n-bnð hcp-tam?-
kXo-i³- sI,- I®m-Sn-¸d¼v,- I®qÀ-
sam-ss_ð- t^m¬- kÀ-ho-kp-IÄ- am-{Xañ sam-ss_ð- t^m¬
Fó Dð-¸óhpw- D]t`m-Iv-Xr-\n-ba¯n-s³-d ]cn-[n-bnð- hcpw.-
tSmÄ-{^o- t^m¬-
\¼dp-Ifp-sS NmÀ-Pv- Bcp- hln-¡pw.- Cu- \¼dp-IÄ- Hónð-
Xp-S§p-óXm-tWm?- tSmÄ- {^o- t]m-kv-äv- \n-ehn-en-tñ?-
A\o-jv-Ip-amÀ- ]n,- Icn-hÅqÀ-
Ihn-Xm- Pbcm-P³,- Im-ª§m-Sv- ku-¯v-
eu-en- tUhn-kv,- Im-eSn,- am-Wn-¡aw-Kew-
t^m-¬-tImÄ- kzo-Icn-¡p-ó BÄ- (tSmÄ- {^o- \¼dn-s³-d
DSa)- tImÄ- NmÀ-Pv- ASbv-¡p-óp- FóXm-Wv- CXn-s³-d {]tXy-IX.- t-^m¬-
kÀ-ho-kv- \ð-Ip-ó GP³-kn-bpw- \¼À- DSabpw- X½n-ep-Å Icm-dm-Wn-Xv.-
Cu- tImÄ- NmÀ-Pv- Cu-Sm-¡m-\p-Å B[p-\n-I km-t¦Xn-I kw-hn-[m-\§fpw-
e`y-am-Wv.- CXn-\v-- BtKm-fXe¯nð¯só Htc \¼dm-Wv- km-[m-cW \ð-Ip-óXv.-
]e Dð-¸ó§fp-sSbpw- \nÀ-am-Xm-¡Ä- D]tbm-Iv-Xm-¡fp-sS A`n-{]mbw-
tXSm³- tNm-Zym-hen- Ab¡p-óXn-\p-Å (_n-kn-\kv- F³-he]v)- Ihdp-IÄ- t\cs¯Xsó
tSmÄ-{^o- t]m-kv-äm-bn- \n-ehn-ep-ïtñm.- C¯cw- Ihdp-Ifnð- Ab¡p-ó
BÄ- kv-äm-¼v- ]Xn-t¡ïXn-ñ Fóv- Fgp-Xm-dp-ïv.- kzo-Icn-¡p-ó
Bfm-Wv- NmÀ-Pv- ASbv-¡p-óXv.-
Ct¸mÄ- sFIy-cm-jv-{S kw-LS\bnð-
F{X Aw-Kcm-Py-§Ä- Dïv.- Ahkm-\w- Aw-KXzw- t\Sn-b cm-Pyw- GXm-Wv?-
A`n-\µv- kn,- Acn-bñqÀ,- ae¸p-dw-
Ct¸mÄ- 192 cm-Py-§Ä.- 2006 Pq¬- 28\v- Aw-KXzw- t\Sn-b
"tam-ïn-\n-t{Km'-bm-Wv- Gähpw- HSp-hnð- Aw-KXzw- t\Sn-b cm-Pyw.-
{][m\a{´nbp-sS
Zp-cn-Xm-izm-k\n-[n-bp-sS Xp-S¡w- Fóm-Wv.- ^ïv- Fhn-sS\n-óp- e`n-¡póp.-
BÀ-s¡m-s¡bm-Wv- e`n-¡m³- AÀ-lX?-
sI sI s^kð,- s]cp-¼m-hqÀ.-
1948ð- BZy- {][m-\a{´n- PhlÀ-emð- s\lv-dp- "{][m-\a{´n-bp-sS
tZio-b Zp-cn-Xm-izm-k\n-[n'- cq-]o-Icn-¡p-Ibpw- AXn-te¡p- kw-`m-h\IÄ-
A`yÀ-Yn-¡p-Ibpw-sNbv-Xp.-
{]Ir-Xn-t£m-`§fn-ð- acn-¡p-óhcp-sS Ip-Spw-_§Ä-¡pw-
hen-b A]IS§Ä,- Iem-]§Ä- Fón-h¡n-cbm-Ip-óhÀ-¡pw- Cu- ^ïnð-\n-óv--
klm-b[\w- A\p-hZn-¡m-dp-ïv.-
Iy-m³-kÀ,- hr-¡ am-än-hbv-¡ð,- lr-Zbikv-{X{In-b Fóo-
Nn-In-ÕIÄ-¡v- ]Wan-ñm-¯hÀ-¡pw- CXnð-\n-óv-- klm-b[\w- A\p-hZn-¡m-dp-ïv.-
Iq-Sp-Xð- hn-hcw- http://pmindia.nic.in
sh_v-sskänð-\n-ópw- Adn-bmw.-
thm-«n-§n-sâ
Xp-S¡w- Fhn-sSbm-Wv?-
kp-Pn-j sI kp-tcjv-,- ]ñgn,- Xr-iqÀ-
sXcsªSp-¸n-\v- {]m-No-\co-Xn-IÄ-- ]ebn-S¯p-w- \n-e\n-ón-cp-só¦n-epw-
ISem-kv- _m-eäv- hgn-bp-Å "thm-«n-§n'-s³-d Xp-S¡w- 1856ð-
Hm-kv-t{Sen-b³- kv-tääm-b hn-Iv-tSm-dn-bbn-em-sWóp Icp-Xp-óp.- BZy-
thm-«n-Mv-b{´w- 1892ð- \yq-tbmÀ-¡v-\Kc¯n-epw- ]co-£n-¨p.-
Atacn-¡³-
sslUv- BIv-Sv F´m-Wv?-
hn- hn-t\m-Zv-Ip-amÀ,- ae¸p-dw-
ew-t_m-Zc³,- Im-«qÀ,- Be¸p-g
C´y- DÄ-s¸sSbp-Å cm-Py-§fp-am-bn- BWhIcm-dnð-
GÀ-s¸Sm³- Atacn-¡ 1954se bp-ssWäUv- kv-tääv- Bä-an-Iv- F\À-Pn- \n-ba¯nð-
hcp-¯n-b t`ZKXn-IÄ- Cu- \n-ba¯n-s³-d 1,- 2,- 3 A\p-tOZ§fn-em-Wp-ÅXv.-
AXp-sIm-ïv- CXn-s\- 1,- 2,- 3 IcmÀ- Fóp- ]dbp-óp.- - 1954se \n-ba¯n-se
Hcp- t`ZKXn-bm-Wv- sslUv- BIv-Sv.- Atacn-¡³- P\{]Xn-\n-[n-k`bn-se--
dn¸»n-¡³- ]mÀ-Sn- Aw-Kam-b sl³dn- tPm-k^v- sslUv- sIm-ïp-hó
t`ZKXn-bm-Wn-Xv.- AXn-\m-em-Wv- sslUv- BIv-Sv- - Fóp- ]dbp-óXv.-
{]m-hv- F§s\bm-Wv- kam-[m-\¯n-sâ
{]Xo-Iam-bXv?-
sI ap-l½Zv- Pp-ss\Zv-,- ap-ïbm-Sv.-
]£n-Ifnð- a\p-jyÀ- BZy-am-bn- hfÀ-¯n-¯p-S§n-bXv-
tIm-gn-sbbpw- {]m-hn-s\bp-am-Wtñm.- Pe{]fb¯n-sâ \m-fp-Ifnð- shÅw-
Cd§n-tbm- Fódn-bm³- t\m-l {]m-hn-s\bm-Wv- \n-tbm-Kn-¨sXóm-Wv- hn-izm-kw.-
sIm-¯n-sbSp-¯ Heo-hv- Cebp-am-bn- {]m-hv- aS§n-sb¯n-sbópw- Np-ïnð-
Heo-hv-Ce ]d¡p-ó {]m-hv- A§s\ {]Xym-ibpsS {]Xo-Iam-sbóp-am-Wv- hn-izm-kw.-
CXp-t]m-se kam-[m-\¯n-sâbpw- kv-t\l¯n-sâbpw- {]Xo-Iam-bn- ss__n-fnð- ]ebn-S¯pw-
{]m-hn-s\ IW¡m-¡p-óp-ïv.-
tdm-bn-«À- hmÀ-¯m- GP³-kn-bp-sS Xp-S¡¯n-epw-
hmÀ-¯IÄ- ssIam-dm³- ]cn-io-e\w- kn-²n-¨ {]m-hp-Isf D]tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-óp.-
Hdo-kbnð- shÅs¸m-¡kab¯v- hmÀ-¯m-hn-\n-ab_Ôw- XIcm-dn-em-hp-t¼mÄ-
hn-Zq-c{]tZi§fnð- s]m-eo-kn-sâ ktµi§Ä- F¯n-¡m³- {]m-hp-Isf
ASp-¯Im-ew-hsc D]tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-óp.-
_À-ap-U {Sbm-w-KnÄ-
t]m-ep-Å Øe§Ä- C\n-bp-ap-tïm?-
F´m-Wv- Cu- {]Xn-`m-k¯n-\p- Im-cWw?
tPm-Pn-j F³- \q-äm-\n-bnð-
Aäv-emân-Iv- kap-{Z¯nð- _À-ap-U-,- an-bm-an,- ^v-tfm-dn-U
Fón-h¡n-Sbn-ep-Å Bscbpw- A¼c-¸n-¡p-ó ISð-¨p-gn-bm-Wv- _À-ap-U {Xn-tIm-Ww.-
Atacn-¡bnse sX¡p-In-g¡³- Aäv-emân-Iv- Xo-c¯n-\Sp-¯p-Å Cu-
Nq-gn-bnð- sNdp-t_m-«p-Ifpw- I¸epw-hsc Im-Wm-Xm-bXm-bn- AXn-itbm-Iv-Xn-
IeÀ-ó dn-t¸mÀ«p-Ifp-ïv.- Fómð,- CtX¡p-dn-¨v- Hu-tZym-Kn-Ihn-hcw-
\ð-Ip-ó Atacn-¡³- tIm-kv-äv-KmÀ-Uv- C¯cw- kw-`h§Ä- ]qÀ-Wam-bn-
Øn-coIcn-¨n-«n-ñ.- 1951ð- "Atkm-kn-tbäUv- {]kn'ð- C hn -U»yp-
tPm¬-kpw- 1952ð- tPmÀ-Pv- FIv-kmâv- Hcp- am-kn-Ibn-epw- ISen-se Cu-
A{]Xy-£am-Ið- hn-hcn-¨n-«p-ïv.- C¯cw- kw-`h§Ä-¡p- ]n-ónð- `m-Kn-IkXy-ap-sïóm-Wv-
Chcp-sS hm-Zw.-
`q-an-bp-sS km-[m-cW Im-´n-I_e¯nð-\n-óp- hfsc
hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b Im-´n-I_e¯n-sâ kq-Nn-I Im-Wn-¡p-ó tem-I¯n-se cïp- `m-K§fn-sem-óm-Wv-
_À-ap-U {Xn-tIm-WtaJesbóm-Wv- ]dbp-óXv-.- P¸m-sâ In-g¡³- Xo-c¯p-Å
"sNIp-¯m³- ISð'- Fódn-bs¸Sp-ó `m-Kam-Wv- asäm-óv.-
Im-´n-I_ekq-Nn-Ibnð- 20 Un-{Kn- hsc hyXn-bm-\ap-Å Chn-sS t_m-«pw- I¸epw-
F¯p-t¼mÄ- \m-hn-I³- Cu- hy-Xn-bm-\s¯ adn-IS¡m³- {]Xn-_ew- F³-Pn-\p-
\ð-In-bn-sñ¦nð- A]ISw- kw-`hn-¡msaóp- ]dbp-óp-sï¦n-epw- Chbv-s¡ñw-
imkv-{Xo-b hn-iZo-IcW§Ä- C\n-bpw- hón-«n-ñ.-
Zo-]in-Jm-{]bm-Ww-
hym-]Iam-bXn-sâ Xp-S¡w-
F´m-Wv?-
sI sI ss^kð,- s]cp-¼m-hqÀ-
]p-cm-X\ Hfn-¼n-Iv-kv- ap-Xð- Zo-]in-Jm-{]bm-Ww- Cu-
alZv-kw-`h¯n-sâ hn-fw-_cam-bpw- CXn-t\m-Sp-Å Hcp- P\Xbp-sS
sFIy-ZmÀ-Vy-¯n-sâ {]Xo-Iam-bpw- IW¡m-¡p-óp.- {Ko-kn-se
Hfn-¼n-bbnð- ]p-cm-X\ Hfn-¼n-Iv-kv- \S¡p-t¼mÄ- {Ko-kv- ap-gp-h³-
Zo-]in-Jm-{]bm-Ww- \S¡m-dp-ïv.-
1936ð- PÀ-a\n-bn-se s_À-fn-\nð- Hfn-¼n-Iv-kv-
thZn-bn-te¡v- {Ko-kn-se Hfn-¼n-bbnð-\n-óv- Zo-]in-J BtLm-j]qÀ-hw-
sIm-ïp-t]m-bn.- Hfn-¼n-Iv-kn-sâ Ncn-{XIm-c³-Iq-Sn-bm-b "ImÄ-
Ubnw'- BWv- CXn-\p- ap³-ssI FSp-¯Xv.- CXm-Wv- Hfn-¼n-Iv-kn-\p- ]p-d¯pw-
Cu- Zo-]in-Jm-{]bm-Ww- {]Nm-c¯n-em-hm³- Im-cWsaóp- Icp-Xp-óp.-
sshäv- tKmÄ-Uv- Fó tem-ltaXm-Wv-?-
C Fkv- \o-Xp-tamÄ-,- theqÀ,- Xr-iqÀ-
kzÀ-Whpw- \n-¡ð- Asñ¦nð- ]tñUn-bhpw- tNÀ-ó tem-lk¦cam-Wv-
sshäv- tKmÄ-Uv.- aªtem-ls¯t¸m-se Im-cän-em-Wv- CXpw- Af¡p-óXv.-
kzÀ-Whpw- \n-¡epw- tNÀ-¯-- sshäv -tKmÄ-Uv- iàam-bXn-\mð- hfIfpw-
kq-Nn-Ifpw- Dïm-¡m³- D]tbm-Kn-¡p-óp.- Fómð,- kzÀ-Whpw- ]tñUn-bhpw-
tNÀ-ó sshäv- tKmÄ-Uv- cXv-\m-`cW§fp-sS Un-ssk\n-§n-epw-
D]tbm-Kn-¡p-óp.-
kn-Kcäpw-
_o-Un-bpw- GXp- cm-Py-¯m-Wv- Iïp-]n-Sn-¨Xv.-
kn- BÀ- lcn-lc³-,- t]«,- Xn-cp-h\´]p-cw-
_o-Un-bp-sS am-Xr-Ibnð- ]p-Ibn-e ISem-knð- Np-cp-«n-
I¯n-¨v- hen-¡p-ó k{¼Zm-bw- hn-hn-[ cm-Py-§fnð- ]p-cm-X\Im-ew-
ap-Xðt¡ \n-e\n-ón-cp-óp.- Fómð, kn-Kc-än-sâ am-Xr-Ibn-ep-Å ]p-Ibn-e¨p-cp-«n-sâ
Xp-S¡w- a[y- Atacn-¡bnð- H¼Xmw-\q-äm-ïn-em-sWóp- Icp-Xp-óp.-
{Io-anb³- bp-²Im-e¯v- {_n-«o-jv- ]«m-f¡mÀ-¡v-
Ht«m-a³þXpÀ-¡n-jv- ssk\n-Icnð-\n-óm-Wv- kn-Kcäv- hen-¡p-ó
io-ew- In-«n-bXs{X.- 18þmw- \q-äm-ïn-em-Wv- kn-Kcäv- Fó hm-¡v- {]Ncn-¨p-Xp-S§n-bsXópw-
Icp-Xp-óp.- Fómð,- "_o-Un'- Fó t]cv- sX¡³- Gjy³- cm-Py-§fp--sS
kw-`m-h\bm-Wv.-
dh\yq-I½n-
F´m-Wv?-
km-hn-{Xn- Aco-¡ð,- sIm-bn-em-ïn-
Hcp- hÀ-js¯ _Pänð- dh\yq- hcp-am-\s¯¡mÄ-
A[n-Iam-Wv- dh\yq- sNesh¦nð- AXv- dh\yq-I½n.- Fómð- _Päv-
I½n-bpw- tI{µ_m-¦m-b dn-kÀ-hv- _m-¦nð- \n-óp-w- kÀ-¡m-cnð- \n-óp-ap-ff
hm-bv-]bpw- tNÀ-ómð- [\I½n.-
Sbdp-IÄ-
Idp-¸p-\n-d¯neñm-sX aäv- \n-d§fnð-
\nÀ-½n-¡m-¯sX´m-Wv-?-
F¨v- ko-Xm-e£v-an,- Xn-cp-h\´]p-cw-
dºÀ-sIm-ïm-Wtñm- SbÀ- \nÀ-½n-¡p-óXv.- Fómð-
AXn-sâ Dd¸n-\p- Im-cWw- AXnð- AS§n-bn-cn-¡p-ó 30 iXam-\t¯m-fw-
ImÀ-_¬- s]mSn-bm-Wv.- Cu- ImÀ-_¬- -s]m-Sn-bp-sS \n-dam-Wv- Sbdn-\p-
Idp-¸p- \n-dw- \ð-Ip-óXv.- Cu-Im-cWhpw- Sbdn-\p- tbm-Pn-¨ \n-dam-bXp-sIm-ïpw-
Idp-¸p-\n-dw- am-äm-¯Xv.-
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